Abstract
A terahertz (THz) rectangular dielectric resonator (DR) antenna is designed and numerically studied. The analysis is reported with the selection of aspect ratio of DR such that antenna operates with four modes with triple band response. A two port multi–input–multi–output (MIMO) antenna is designed kee** the separation between radiating elements around fifteenth times scaled down of the operating free space wavelength. This antenna configuration provides low value of isolation between the ports. The DRs are loaded with the metal strips which reduces coupling between the radiating elements. Also, loading of the metal strips miniaturizes the higher order modes. The DRs have also been loaded with the graphene strips at the top radiating surface. The resonant modes of antenna can be controlled to provide the triple or wide single band response by appropriate selection of the chemical potential of graphene. Selecting the chemical potential as \(0\, eV\) does not influence the antenna response and antenna continues to provide the triple band response operating at frequencies 2.10–2.33, 2.56–2.65 and 2.77 THz with peak/average isolation of 24.5/20.5 dB, gain \(5.06, 5.81\) and \(2.5\) dBi and radiation efficiency of \(98, 98\) and \(97\%\), respectively. Increasing chemical potential provides the tunability in the resonant frequency of the dominant mode with blueshift. Thus, combined effect of loading of metal and graphene strips leads to merge all the resonance spectra with the chemical potential of \(1\, eV\). This results in a wide impedance bandwidth by merging of all the resonant modes operating in band 2.30–2.86 THz with peak/average isolation 33/20.5, gain 5.27 and radiation efficiency of more than 65%. Thus, a compact two-port THz MIMO antenna can be designed with the ability of controlling the resonant modes to provides the desired response.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig9_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig10_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig11_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig12_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig13_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig14_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig15_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11082-023-04970-y/MediaObjects/11082_2023_4970_Fig16_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
There is no associated data with this research work.
References
Akyildiz, I.F., Jornet, J.M., Han, C.: Terahertz band: next frontier for wireless communications. Phys. Commun. 12, 16–32 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2014.01.006
al Abohmra, A., et al.: An ultrawideband microfabricated gold-based antenna array for terahertz communication. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 14(8), 1–1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2021.3072562
Alibakhshikenari, M., et al.: High-isolation antenna array using SIW and realized with a graphene layer for sub-terahertz wireless applications. Sci. Rep. 11(1), 1–14 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87712-y
Aqlan, B., Himdi, M., Vettikalladi, H., Le-Coq, L.: A circularly polarized sub-terahertz antenna with low-profile and high-gain for 6G wireless communication systems. IEEE Access (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3109161
Burke, P.J., Li, S., Yu, Z.: Quantitative theory of nanowire and nanotube antenna performance. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 5(4), 314–334 (2006)
Cabellos-Aparicio, A., Llatser, I., Alarcón, E., Hsu, A., Palacios, T.: Use of terahertz photoconductive sources to characterize tunable graphene RF plasmonic antennas. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 14(2), 390–396 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2015.2398931
Chang, T., Kiang, J.: Bandwidth broadening of dielectric resonator antenna by merging adjacent bands. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 57(10), 205–207 (2009)
Correas-Serrano, D., Gomez-Diaz, J.S., Alu, A., Alvarez-Melcon, A.: Electrically and magnetically biased graphene-based cylindrical waveguides: analysis and applications as reconfigurable antennas. IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 5(6), 951–960 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2015.2472985
Das, P., Varshney, G.: Gain enhancement of dual-band terahertz antenna using reflection-based frequency selective surfaces. Opt. Quantum Electron. 54(3), 1–23 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-03548-4
Das, S., Mitra, D., Bhadra Chaudhuri, S.R.: Fractal loaded planar super wide band four element MIMO antenna for THz applications. Nano Commun. Netw. 30, 100374 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2021.100374
Dong, Y., Liu, P., Yu, D., Li, G., Tao, F.: Dual-band reconfigurable terahertz patch antenna with graphene-stack-based backing cavity. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 15, 1541–1544 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2016.2533018
Esquius-Morote, M., Gómez-D´ıazPerruisseau-Carrier, J.S.J.: Periodically-modulated graphene leaky-wave antenna for electronic beamscanning at THz. IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 4(1), 116–122 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/TTHZ.2013.2294538
Fakhte, S., Taskhiri, M.M.: Dual-band terahertz dielectric resonator antenna with graphene loading. Opt. Quantum Electron. 54(12), 1–11 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04229-y
Farman Ali, M., Bhattacharya, R., Varshney, G.: Graphene-based tunable terahertz self-diplexing/MIMO-STAR antenna with pattern diversity. Nano Commun. Netw. 30, 100378 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2021.100378
Forsythe, R.E., Bohlander, R.A., Butterworth, J.C.: An experimental 225 GHZ pulsed coherent radar. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 39(3), 555–562 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1109/22.75300
Fuscaldo, W., Burghignoli, P., Baccarelli, P., Galli, A.: A reconfigurable substrate-superstrate graphene-based leaky-wave THz antenna. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 15, 1545–1548 (2016)
Geim, A.K., Novoselov, K.S.: The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183–191 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849
Gupta, R., Varshney, G., Yaduvanshi, R.S.: Tunable terahertz circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna. Optik (stuttg) 239, 66800 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166800
Hanson, G.W.: Dyadic Green’s functions for an anisotropic, non-local model of biased graphene. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 56(3), 747–757 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2008.917005
Hosseininejad, S.E., Rouhi, K., Neshat, M., Cabellos-Aparicio, A., Abadal, S., Alarcon, E.: Digital metasurface based on graphene: an application to beam steering in terahertz plasmonic antennas. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 18, 734–746 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2019.2923727
Kaipa, C.S.R., Yakovlev, A.B., Hanson, G.W., Padooru, Y.R., Medina, F., Mesa, F.: Enhanced transmission with a graphene-dielectric microstructure at low-terahertz frequencies. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 85(24), 4–9 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.245407
Khan, M.S., Varshney, G., Giri, P.: Altering the multimodal resonance in ultrathin silicon ring for tunable THz biosensing. IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience 20(4), 488–496 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNB.2021.3105561
Kiani, N., Tavakkol Hamedani, F., Rezaei, P.: Reconfigurable graphene-gold-based microstrip patch antenna: RHCP to LHCP. Micro Nanostructures 175, 207509 (2023a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micrna.2023.207509
Kiani, N., Hamedani, F.T., Rezaei, P.: Designing of a circularly polarized reconfigurable graphene-based THz patch antenna with cross-shaped slot. Opt. Quantum Electron. 55(4), 1–16 (2023b). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04617-y
Krishna, C.M., Das, S., Nella, A., Lakrit, S., Madhav, B.T.P.: A micro-sized rhombus-shaped THz antenna for high-speed short-range wireless communication applications. Plasmonics 16(6), 2167–2177 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-021-01472-z
Leng, T., Huang, X., Chang, K., Chen, J., Abdalla, M.A., Hu, Z.: Graphene nanoflakes printed flexible meandered-line dipole antenna on paper substrate for low-cost RFID and sensing applications. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 15, 1565–1568 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2016.2518746
Malhat, H.A., Zainud-Deen, S.H., El-Hemaily, H., Hamed, H.A., AIbrahim, A.A.: Reconfigurable circularly polarized hemispherical DRA using plasmonic graphene strips for MIMO communications. Plasmonics (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-021-01581-9
Moradi, K., Pourziad, A., Nikmehr, S.: A frequency reconfigurable microstrip antenna based on graphene in Terahertz Regime. Optik (stuttg) 228, 166201 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.166201
Nishtha, Varshney, G., Yaduvanshi, R.S.: Isolation Control for Implementing the Single Dielectric Resonator based Tunable THz MIMO Antenna and Filter. Opt. Quantum Electron. 55(4), 1–14 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04623-0
Nishtha, A., Yaduvanshi, R.S., Varshney, G.: Improving the isolation of a tunable terahertz multi- input-multi-output dielectric resonator antenna using graphene coating. Curr. Appl. Phys. 50, 133–139 (2023)
Rana, F.: Graphene terahertz plasmon oscillators. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 7(1), 91–99 (2008)
Rodrigues, N.R.N.M., de Oliveira, R., Dmitriev, V.: Smart terahertz graphene antenna: operation as an omnidirectional dipole and as a reconfigurable directive antenna. IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 60(5), 26–40 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/MAP.2018.2859169
Serfontein, Z., Kingston, J., Hobbs, S., Holbrough, I.E., James, C.: Easily extendable four port MIMO antenna with improved isolation and wide bandwidth for THz applications. Optik (stuttg) (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167910
Singh, R., Varshney, G.: Isolation enhancement technique in a dual-band THz MIMO antenna with single radiator. Opt. Quantum Electron. 55, 539 (2023)
Smaczyński, P., Sopicka-Lizer, M., Kozłowska, K., Plewa, J.: Low temperature synthesis of calcium cobaltites in a solid state reaction. J. Electroceramics 18(3–4), 255–260 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-007-9069-7
Son, J.H., Oh, S.J., Cheon, H.: Potential clinical applications of terahertz radiation. J. Appl. Phys. 125(19), 190901 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5080205
Suñé, G.R.: “Electron beam lithography for Nanofabrication,” 2008.
Varshney, G.: Reconfigurable graphene antenna for THz applications: a mode conversion approach. Nanotechnology 31(13), 135208 (2020a). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab60cc
Varshney, G.: Tunable terahertz dielectric resonator antenna. SILICON 13, 1907–1915 (2020b). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00577-0
Varshney, G.: Gain and bandwidth enhancement of a singly fed circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna. IET Microwaves, Antennas Propag. 14(12), 1323–1330 (2020c). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2019.0932
Varshney, G., Giri, P.: Bipolar charge trap** for absorption enhancement in a graphene-based ultrathin dual-band terahertz biosensor. Nanoscale Adv. 3, 5813–5822 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/d1na00388g
Varshney, G., Pandey, V.S., Yaduvanshi, R.S., Kumar, L.: Wide band circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna with stair-shaped slot excitation. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 65(3), 1380–1383 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2016.2635619
Varshney, G., Gotra, S., Pandey, V.S., Yaduvanshi, R.S.: Proximity-coupled two-port multi-input-multi-output graphene antenna with pattern diversity for THz applications. Nano Commun. Netw. 21, 100246 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2019.05.003
Varshney, G., Debnath, S., Sharma, A.K.: Tunable circularly polarized graphene antenna for THz applications. Optik (stuttg) 223, 165412 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165412
Vishwanath, G.V., Sahana, B.C.: Implementing the single / multiport tunable terahertz circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna. Nano Commun. Netw. 32–33, 100408 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2022.100408
Vasu Babu, K., Das, S., Varshney, G., Sree, G.N.J., Madhav, B.T.P.: A micro-scaled graphene-based tree-shaped wideband printed MIMO antenna for terahertz applications. J. Comput. Electron. 21, 289–303 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-021-01831-3
Vishwanath, Sahana, B.C., Varshney, G.: Tunable terahertz dual-band circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna. Optik (stuttg) 253, 168578 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.168578
Xu, Z., Dong, X., Bornemann, J.: Design of a reconfigurable MIMO system for THz communications based on graphene antennas. IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 4(5), 609–617 (2014)
Funding
There is no funding for this research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
V, RB and VS implemented the research work and has written the manuscript. BCS helped in develo** the theoretical concept. GV developed the idea and wrote the manuscript and supervised the whole research work.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no competing interest among the authors.
Ethical Approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Vishwanath, Babu, R., Sharma, V. et al. Controlling the resonant modes/bandwidth using graphene strip and isolation enhancement in a two-port THz MIMO DRA. Opt Quant Electron 55, 659 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04970-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04970-y