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Executive Functioning in Children and Adolescents Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol: A Meta-Analytic Review

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Abstract

Prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with a constellation of adverse physical, neurocognitive and behavior outcomes, which comprise a continuum of disorders labeled Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Extant research has consistently identified executive functions (EF) as a central impairment associated with FASD. Despite this, heterogeneity exists regarding the strength of the association between FASD and different EF, and this association has not yet been quantitatively synthesized. The current meta-analysis reviews 46 studies that compare children and adolescents with FASD to participants without FASD, on a variety of EF measures. In accordance with Miyake et al. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100 (2000) three-factor model of EF, findings for the primary EF domains of working memory, inhibition, and set shifting are reviewed. Results indicate that children and adolescents with FASD demonstrate significant deficits across these EF, although the magnitude of effects diverged between EF, with working memory and inhibition yielding medium effects and set shifting yielding large effects. These results were moderated by sample characteristics, type of FASD diagnosis, and EF methodology. This quantitative synthesis offers novel future research directions.

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Notes

  1. In order to limit violations of the assumption of independent samples, effect sizes were averaged for separate FASD groups in the first and second stages of analyses. Effect sizes were computed separately for different FASD groups within a single study in the final stage of analysis (i.e., when examining diagnosis-related moderators).

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  1. Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, M5B 2K3, Toronto, Canada

    Jennifer E. Khoury, Karen Milligan & Todd A. Girard

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Khoury, J.E., Milligan, K. & Girard, T.A. Executive Functioning in Children and Adolescents Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol: A Meta-Analytic Review. Neuropsychol Rev 25, 149–170 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-015-9289-6

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