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Experimental investigation of TiO2–water nanofluid flow and heat transfer inside wavy mini-channel heat sinks

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Abstract

The present study comprises experimental investigation on heat transfer and hydrodynamic characteristics of TiO2 nanofluid as coolant in wavy channel heat sinks having three different channel configurations. The performance of TiO2 nanofluids having concentrations of 0.006, 0.008, 0.01 and 0.012 vol% is compared with that of distilled water under laminar regime at heating powers of 25 W, 35 W and 45 W. Results indicated that for all heat sinks, nanofluids showed better heat transfer characteristics than distilled water. With an increase in heating power, TiO2 nanofluid thermal performance was decreased. Using 0.012% TiO2 nanofluids, minimum wall base temperature and maximum enhancement in Nusselt number are noted as 33.85 °C and 40.57%, respectively, for heat sink with wavelength of 5 mm and amplitude of 0.5 mm corresponding to Reynolds number of 894 at heating power of 25 W. Pum** power requirement is function of flow rate and pressure drop, and its maximum value of 0.0284 W is associated with heat sink with minimum wavelength. Moreover, variation in wavelength of channel is found to have dominating effect on heat transfer performance of heat sink as compared to the width of channel.

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Abbreviations

A cr :

Cross-sectional area of channel (m2)

A se :

Effective surface area of sink (m2)

\({C_{\text{P}}}\) :

Specific heat (J kg−1 °C−1)

d :

Diameter (m)

\({d_{\text{h}}}\) :

Hydraulic diameter (m)

h:

Convective heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 °C−1)

\({h_{\text{f}}}\) :

Fin height of heat sink (m)

\({H_{\text{w}}}\) :

Distance between wall and thermocouple (m)

k :

Thermal conductivity (W m−1 °C−1)

L:

Length (m)

LMTD:

Log mean temperature difference (°C)

\(\dot m\) :

Mass flow rate (kg s−1)

n :

Empirical shape factor

Nu :

Nusselt number

ΔP :

Pressure drop

\({P_{\text{c}}}\) :

Perimeter of channel (m)

Pr :

Prandtl number

Q :

Heat flow rate (W)

\({Q_{\text{f}}}\) :

Volumetric flow rate (m3 s−1)

Re :

Reynolds number

R th :

Thermal resistance (°C W−1)

T :

Temperature (°C)

t c :

Total number of channels

V :

Velocity (m s−1)

\({W_{\text{c}}}\) :

Width of heat sink channel (m)

\({W_{\text{cc}}}\) :

Center-to-center distance of two consecutive channels (m)

μ :

Viscosity (kg m−1 s−1)

ρ :

Density (kg m−3)

\(\emptyset\) :

Volume fraction

bf:

Base fluid

c :

Channel

f :

Fin

i :

Inlet

m :

Mean

nf:

Nanofluid

o :

Outlet

p :

Nanoparticle

s :

Sink

tc:

Thermocouple

w :

Wall

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, 47050, Pakistan

    Muhammad Usman Sajid, Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Abu Sufyan, Danial Rashid, Saad Ullah Zahid & Wajih Ur Rehman

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  1. Muhammad Usman Sajid
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  2. Hafiz Muhammad Ali
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Sajid, M.U., Ali, H.M., Sufyan, A. et al. Experimental investigation of TiO2–water nanofluid flow and heat transfer inside wavy mini-channel heat sinks. J Therm Anal Calorim 137, 1279–1294 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08043-9

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