Abstract
Even though many universities have been working toward building a university-wide innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystem (UIEE), these UIEEs tend to remain stand-alone ecosystems that do not integrate very well with the wider regional entrepreneurial ecosystem (REE) existing outside the university’s boundaries. Even if they do, it is believed that their interlinkages are effective in some respects and not in others. Drawing upon the Commitment System Theory, we examine the nature of symbiotic relationships that can and should develop between the two ecosystems for the UIEE to realize its full potential and play its critical role in supporting continued entrepreneurship within a region. Specifically, we deconstruct the nature and implications of UIEE’s commitments operating at two levels—within the UIEE itself and between the UIEE and the REE. We propose that the nature of linkages in these commitment systems is fundamental to sha** the impact of UIEE. This, in turn, influences both the university and the regional ecosystem to give rise to a dynamic university-based innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystem that continuously evolves. We present a conceptual framework and identify a commitment subsystem that emerges at the intersection of two commitment systems—UIEE and REE. By doing so, we unravel the multiple commitments that govern the existence of the UIEE and the wider regional entrepreneurial ecosystem that exists outside the university’s boundaries.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abreu, M., & Grinevich, V. (2017). Gender patterns in academic entrepreneurship. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(4), 763–794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9543-y.
Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., & Feldman, M. P. (1994). R & D spillovers and recipient firm size. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 76(2), 336–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109888.
Acs, Z. J., Stam, E., Audretsch, D. B., & O’Connor, A. (2017). The lineages of the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach. Small Business Economics, 49(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9864-8.
Agarwal, R., Audretsch, D., & Sarkar, M. B. (2007). The process of creative construction: Knowledge spillovers, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(3–4), 263–286. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.36.
Aguinis, H., Shapiro, D. L., Antonacopoulou, E. P., & Cummings, T. G. (2014). Scholarly impact: A pluralist conceptualization. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 13(4), 623–639. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2014.0121.
Anselin, L., Varga, A., & Acs, Z. (1997). Entrepreneurship, geographic spillovers and university research: A spatial econometric approach. University of Cambridge, ESRC Centre for Business Research.
Audretsch, D. B. (1995). Innovation and industry evolution. MIT Press.
Audretsch, D. B. (2007). The entrepreneurial society. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Audretsch, D. B. (2014). From the entrepreneurial university to the university for the entrepreneurial society. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 39(3), 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-012-9288-1.
Audretsch, D. B., & Keilbach, M. (2007). The theory of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship. Journal of Management Studies, 44(7), 1242–1254.
Audretsch, D. B., & Keilbach, M. (2008). Resolving the knowledge paradox: Knowledge-spillover entrepreneurship and economic growth. Research Policy, 37(10), 1697–1705.
Audretsch, D. B., Keilbach, M. C., & Lehmann, E. E. (2006). Entrepreneurship and economic growth. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183511.001.0001.
Audretsch, D. B., Cunningham, J. A., Kuratko, D. F., Lehmann, E. E., & Menter, M. (2019). Entrepreneurial ecosystems: Economic, technological, and societal impacts. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 44(2), 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9690-4.
Audretsch, D. B., Lehmann, E. E., & Seitz, N. (2021). Amenities, subcultures, and entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 56(2), 571–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00190-5.
Audretsch, D. B., Belitski, M., Guerrero, M., & Siegel, D. S. (2022). Assessing the impact of the UK’s Research Excellence Framework on the relationship between University Scholarly Output and Education and Regional Economic Growth. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 21(3), 394–421. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2021.0240.
Auerswald, P. E., & Dani, L. (2017). The adaptive life cycle of entrepreneurial ecosystems: The biotechnology cluster. Small Business Economics, 49(1), 97–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9869-3.
Autio, E. (2022). Orchestrating ecosystems: A multi-layered framework. Innovation, 24(1), 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2021.1919120.
Autio, E., Kenney, M., Mustar, P., Siegel, D., & Wright, M. (2014). Entrepreneurial innovation: The importance of context. Research Policy, 43(7), 1097–1108.
Balachandra, L., Fischer, K., & Brush, C. (2021). Do (women’s) words matter? The influence of gendered language in entrepreneurial pitching. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 15, e00224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00224.
Balven, R., Fenters, V., Siegel, D. S., & Waldman, D. (2018). Academic entrepreneurship: The roles of Identity, Motivation, Championing, Education, Work-Life Balance, and Organizational Justice. Academy of Management Perspectives, 32(1), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2016.0127.
Belderbos, R., Braito, N., & Wang, J. (2024). Heterogeneous university research and firm R&D location decisions: Research orientation, academic quality, and investment type. The Journal of Technology Transfer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-024-10066-w.
Bercovitz, J. E. L., & Feldman, M. P. (2007). Fishing upstream: Firm innovation strategy and university research alliances. Research Policy, 36(7), 930–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.03.002.
Bercovitz, J., & Feldman, M. (2008). Academic entrepreneurs: Organizational Change at the individual level. Organization Science, 19(1), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1070.0295.
Bercovitz, J., Feldman, M., Feller, I., & Burton, R. (2001). Organizational structure as a determinant of academic patent and licensing behavior: An exploratory study of Duke, Johns Hopkins, and Pennsylvania State universities. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007828026904.
Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General system theory: Foundations, development, applications. G. Braziller.
Birdthistle, N., Eversole, R., & Walo, M. (2022). Creating an inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem for women entrepreneurs in a rural region. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 18(C).
Bliemel, M., Flores, R., De Klerk, S., & Miles, M. P. (2019). Accelerators as start-up infrastructure for entrepreneurial clusters. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 31(1–2), 133–149.
Brett, J. F., Cron, W. L., John, W., & Slocum, J. (1995). Economic dependency on work: A moderator of the Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.5465/256735.
Breznitz, S. M., & Feldman, M. P. (2012). The engaged university. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 37(2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-010-9183-6.
Breznitz, S. M., & Zhang, Q. (2019). Fostering the growth of student start-ups from university accelerators: An entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective. Industrial and Corporate Change, 28(4), 855–873.
Brown, R., & Mason, C. (2017). Looking inside the spiky bits: A critical review and conceptualisation of entrepreneurial ecosystems [journal article]. Small Business Economics, 49(1), 11–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9865-7.
Bruns, K., Bosma, N., Sanders, M., & Schramm, M. (2017). Searching for the existence of entrepreneurial ecosystems: A regional cross-section growth regression approach. Small Business Economics, 49(1), 31–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9866-6.
Brush, C. G. (2014). Exploring the Concept of an Entrepreneurship Education Ecosystem. In Innovative Pathways for University Entrepreneurship in the 21st Century (Vol. 24, pp. 25–39). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1048-473620140000024000.
Buffart, M., Croidieu, G., Kim, P. H., & Bowman, R. (2020). Even winners need to learn: How government entrepreneurship programs can support innovative ventures. Research Policy, 49(10), 104052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2020.104052.
Carmeli, A. (2005). Perceived external prestige, affective commitment, and citizenship behaviors. Organization Studies, 26(3), 443–464.
Cho, D. S., Ryan, P., & Buciuni, G. (2022). Evolutionary entrepreneurial ecosystems: A research pathway. Small Business Economics, 58(4), 1865–1883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00487-4.
Clayton, P., Feldman, M., & Lowe, N. (2018). Behind the scenes: Intermediary organizations that facilitate Science Commercialization through Entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Perspectives, 32(1), 104–124. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2016.0133.
Cloutier, L., & Messeghem, K. (2022). Whirlwind model of entrepreneurial ecosystem path dependence. Small Business Economics, 59(2), 611–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00553-x.
Crișan, E. L., Salanță, I. I., Beleiu, I. N., Bordean, O. N., & Bunduchi, R. (2021). A systematic literature review on accelerators. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 46, 62–89.
Crow, M. M., Whitman, K., & Anderson, D. M. (2020). Rethinking Academic Entrepreneurship: University Governance and the Emergence of the Academic Enterprise [https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13069]. Public Administration Review, 80(3), 511–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13069.
Decker, R., Haltiwanger, J., Jarmin, R., & Miranda, J. (2014). The role of Entrepreneurship in US Job Creation and Economic Dynamism. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(3), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.3.3.
Dodd, T., Graves, C., & Hentzen, J. (2022). Impact and University Business Training Courses Delivered to the marginalized: A systematic review. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 21(3), 449–469. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2021.0244.
Fay, M., & Williams, L. (1993). Gender bias and the availability of business loans. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(4), 363–376.
Feldman, M. P., & Audretsch, D. B. (1999). Innovation in cities:: Science-based diversity, specialization and localized competition. European Economic Review, 43(2), 409–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(98)00047-6.
Feldman, M., Feller, I., Bercovitz, J., & Burton, R. (2002). Equity and the technology transfer strategies of American Research Universities. Management Science, 48(1), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.1.105.14276.
Feldman, M., Siegel, D. S., & Wright, M. (2019). New developments in innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Industrial and Corporate Change, 28(4), 817–826.
Fini, R., Rasmussen, E., Siegel, D., & Wiklund, J. (2018). Rethinking the commercialization of Public Science: From entrepreneurial outcomes to societal impacts. Academy of Management Perspectives, 32(1), 4–20. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2017.0206.
Galan-Muros, V., & Davey, T. (2019). The UBC ecosystem: Putting together a comprehensive framework for university-business cooperation. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 44(4), 1311–1346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9562-3.
Gianiodis, P., & Meek, W. (2023). The Death and Rebirth of the Entrepreneurial University Model. Academy of Management Perspectives, 0(ja), null. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2020.0180.
Good, M., Knockaert, M., Soppe, B., & Wright, M. (2019). The technology transfer ecosystem in academia. An organizational design perspective. Technovation, 82–83, 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2018.06.009.
Goswami, K., Mitchell, J. R., & Bhagavatula, S. (2018). Accelerator expertise: Understanding the intermediary role of accelerators in the development of the Bangalore entrepreneurial ecosystem. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 12(1), 117–150. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1281.
Grimaldi, R., Kenney, M., Siegel, D. S., & Wright, M. (2011). 30 years after Bayh–Dole: Reassessing academic entrepreneurship. Research Policy, 40(8), 1045–1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.04.005.
Guerrero, M., & Urbano, D. (2012). The development of an entrepreneurial university. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 37(1), 43–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-010-9171-x.
Guerrero, M., Cunningham, J. A., & Urbano, D. (2015). Economic impact of entrepreneurial universities’ activities: An exploratory study of the United Kingdom. Research Policy, 44(3), 748–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.10.008.
Guerrero, M., Urbano, D., Fayolle, A., Klofsten, M., & Mian, S. (2016). Entrepreneurial universities: Emerging models in the new social and economic landscape. Small Business Economics, 47(3), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9755-4.
Haarhaus, T., Strunk, G., & Liening, A. (2020). Assessing the complex dynamics of entrepreneurial ecosystems: A nonstationary approach. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 14, e00194.
Hannah, D. P., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (2018). How firms navigate cooperation and competition in nascent ecosystems. Strategic Management Journal, 39(12), 3163–3192. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2750.
Hayter, C. S. (2016). A trajectory of early-stage spinoff success: The role of knowledge intermediaries within an entrepreneurial university ecosystem. Small Business Economics, 47(3), 633–656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9756-3.
Heaton, S., Siegel, D. S., & Teece, D. J. (2019). Universities and innovation ecosystems: A dynamic capabilities perspective. Industrial and Corporate Change, 28(4), 921–939.
Hou, H., & Shi, Y. (2021). Ecosystem-as-structure and ecosystem-as-coevolution: A constructive examination. Technovation, 100, 102193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2020.102193.
Jacobides, M. G., Cennamo, C., & Gawer, A. (2018). Towards a theory of ecosystems. Strategic Management Journal, 39(8), 2255–2276. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2904.
Johnson, R. E., Chang, C. H., & Yang, L. Q. (2010). Commitment and motivation at work: The relevance of Employee Identity and Regulatory Focus. Academy of Management Review, 35(2), 226–245. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.35.2.zok226.
Johnson, D., Bock, A. J., & George, G. (2019). Entrepreneurial dynamism and the built environment in the evolution of university entrepreneurial ecosystems. Industrial and Corporate Change, 28(4), 941–959.
Kallis, G. (2007). When is it coevolution? Ecological Economics, 62(1), 1–6.
Khurana, I., & Dutta, D. K. (2023). From place to space: The emergence and evolution of sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems in smart cities. Small Business Economics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-023-00765-3.
Khurana, I., & Lee, D. J. (2022). Gender bias in high stakes pitching: An NLP approach. Small Business Economics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00598-y.
Khurana, I., Tamvada, J., Lee, D., & Packard, M. (2023). Esca** the Penalty of marginalization through Management Education. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2023(1), 15802. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMPROC.2023.15802abstract.
Klein, H. J. (2016). Commitment in organizational contexts introduction to the special issue Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(4), 489–493. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26610544.
Klein, H. J., Molloy, J. C., & Brinsfield, C. T. (2012). Reconceptualizing Workplace Commitment to Redress a Stretched Construct: Revisiting assumptions and removing confounds. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 130–151. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0018.
Klein, H. J., Cooper, J. T., Molloy, J. C., & Swanson, J. A. (2014). The assessment of commitment: Advantages of a unidimensional, target-free approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(2), 222–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034751.
Klein, H. J., Solinger, O. N., & Duflot, V. (2022). Commitment system theory: The evolving structure of commitments to multiple targets. Academy of Management Review, 47(1), 116–138. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2018.0031.
Klofsten, M., Fayolle, A., Guerrero, M., Mian, S., Urbano, D., & Wright, M. (2019). The entrepreneurial university as driver for economic growth and social change - key strategic challenges. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 141, 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.12.004.
Lehmann, E. E., & Menter, M. (2016). University–industry collaboration and regional wealth. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 41(6), 1284–1307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-015-9445-4.
Leih, S., & Teece, D. (2016). Campus Leadership and the Entrepreneurial University: A dynamic capabilities perspective. Academy of Management Perspectives, 30(2), 182–210. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2015.0022.
Leung, T. L., & Poulin, R. (2008). Parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism: Exploring the many shades of symbioses. Vie et Milieu/Life & Environment, 107–115.
Li, J., Young, M. N., & Tang, G. (2012). The development of entrepreneurship in Chinese communities: An organizational symbiosis perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29(2), 367–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-010-9192-x.
Lockett, A., Siegel, D., Wright, M., & Ensley, M. D. (2005). The creation of spin-off firms at public research institutions: Managerial and policy implications. Research Policy, 34(7), 981–993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.010.
Maia, C., & Claro, J. (2013). The role of a Proof of Concept Center in a university ecosystem: An exploratory study. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 38(5), 641–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-012-9246-y.
Malecki, E. J. (2018). Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Geography Compass, 12(3), e12359.
Malmström, M., & Wincent, J. (2018). Bank lending and financial discrimination from the formal economy: How women entrepreneurs get forced into involuntary bootstrap**. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 10, e00096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2018.e00096.
Malmström, M., Voitkane, A., Johansson, J., & Wincent, J. (2020). What do they think and what do they say? Gender bias, entrepreneurial attitude in writing and venture capitalists’ funding decisions. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 13, e00154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00154.
Markman, G. D., Gianiodis, P. T., Phan, P. H., & Balkin, D. B. (2005). Innovation speed: Transferring university technology to market. Research Policy, 34(7), 1058–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.007.
Martin, B. C., McNally, J. J., & Kay, M. J. (2013). Examining the formation of human capital in entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of entrepreneurship education outcomes. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(2), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.002.
Mathieu, J. E. (1991). A cross-level nonrecursive model of the antecedents of organizational commitment and satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 607–618. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.5.607.
Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 20–38.
Nelson, A. J. (2014). From the ivory tower to the startup garage: Organizational context and commercialization processes. Research Policy, 43(7), 1144–1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.04.011.
Neumeyer, X., Santos, S. C., & Morris, M. H. (2019). Who is left out: Exploring social boundaries in entrepreneurial ecosystems. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 44(2), 462–484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9694-0.
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2011). Affective organizational commitment and citizenship behavior: Linear and non-linear moderating effects of organizational tenure. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 528–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.006.
O’Connor, A., & Audretsch, D. (2022). Regional entrepreneurial ecosystems: Learning from forest ecosystems. Small Business Economics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-022-00623-8.
Phan, P. H., & Siegel, D. S. (2006). The effectiveness of University Technology Transfer. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 77–144. https://doi.org/10.1561/0300000006.
Phan, P. H., Siegel, D. S., & Wright, M. (2005). Science parks and incubators: Observations, synthesis and future research. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(2), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.12.001.
Pilegaard, M., Moroz, P. W., & Neergaard, H. (2010). An Auto-Ethnographic Perspective on Academic Entrepreneurship: Implications for research in the Social Sciences and Humanities. Academy of Management Perspectives, 24(1), 46–61. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.24.1.46.
Porter, T. B. (2006). Coevolution as a research framework for organizations and the natural environment. Organization & Environment, 19(4), 479–504.
Qian, H. (2018). Knowledge-based Regional Economic Development: A synthetic review of knowledge spillovers, entrepreneurship, and Entrepreneurial ecosystems. Economic Development Quarterly, 32(2), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891242418760981.
Rådberg, K. K., & Löfsten, H. (2024). The entrepreneurial university and development of large-scale research infrastructure: Exploring the emerging university function of collaboration and leadership. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 49(1), 334–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-023-10033-x.
Radko, N., Belitski, M., & Kalyuzhnova, Y. (2023). Conceptualising the entrepreneurial university: The stakeholder approach. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 48(3), 955–1044. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-022-09926-0.
Roundy, P. T., Bradshaw, M., & Brockman, B. K. (2018). The emergence of entrepreneurial ecosystems: A complex adaptive systems approach. Journal of Business Research, 86, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.01.032.
Siegel, D. S., & Wright, M. (2015). Academic entrepreneurship: Time for a Rethink? [https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12116]. British Journal of Management, 26(4), 582–595. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12116.
Spigel, B., & Harrison, R. (2018). Toward a process theory of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 12(1), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1268.
Stam, E. (2015). Entrepreneurial ecosystems and Regional Policy: A sympathetic critique. European Planning Studies, 23(9), 1759–1769. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1061484.
Stam, E., & van de Ven, A. (2021). Entrepreneurial ecosystem elements. Small Business Economics, 56, 809–832.
Terjesen, S., Acs, Z., Audretsch, D., Hechavarria, D., Stam, E., & White, R. (2017). Entrepreneurial ecosystems: the search for performance. University of Tampa, unpublished.
Thomas, L. D. W., & Autio, E. (2020). Innovation ecosystems in Management: An Organizing Typology. In: Oxford University Press.
Urbano, D., Audretsch, D., Aparicio, S., & Noguera, M. (2019). Does entrepreneurial activity matter for economic growth in develo** countries? The role of the institutional environment. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1–35.
Wickert, C., Post, C., Doh, J. P., Prescott, J. E., & Prencipe, A. (2021). Management Research that makes a difference: Broadening the meaning of Impact. Journal of Management Studies, 58(2), 297–320. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12666.
Woolley, J. L., & MacGregor, N. (2022). The influence of incubator and accelerator participation on Nanotechnology Venture Success. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 46(6), 1717–1755. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211024510.
Wright, M., Clarysse, B., Mustar, P., & Lockett, A. (2007). Academic entrepreneurship in Europe. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847205575.
Wright, M., Clarysse, B., Lockett, A., & Knockaert, M. (2008). Mid-range universities’ linkages with industry: Knowledge types and the role of intermediaries. Research Policy, 37(8), 1205–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.021.
Wright, M., Piva, E., Mosey, S., & Lockett, A. (2009). Academic entrepreneurship and business schools. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 34(6), 560–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-009-9128-0.
Wright, M., Siegel, D. S., & Mustar, P. (2017). An emerging ecosystem for student start-ups. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(4), 909–922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9558-z.
Wurth, B., Stam, E., & Spigel, B. (2022). Toward an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Research Program. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 1042258721998948. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258721998948.
**e, Z., Wang, X., **e, L., & Duan, K. (2021). Entrepreneurial ecosystem and the quality and quantity of regional entrepreneurship: A configurational approach. Journal of Business Research, 128, 499–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.02.015.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Audretsch, D., Khurana, I., Dutta, D. et al. Creating effective university innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems: a commitment system perspective. J Technol Transf (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-024-10090-w
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-024-10090-w