Abstract
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts is popular because of its ease, simplicity and wide applications. Here we report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by Caesalpinia pulcherrima leaf extract. Optimization of various parameters like boiling time for plant extract preparation, concentration of plant extract and silver nitrate, pH and incubation time of reaction mixture were standardized. AgNPs were synthesized using standardized and optimized parameters. The characterization of synthesized AgNPs was done by various spectroscopic methods. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed characteristic peak at 410 nm, FTIR analysis indicated the presence of alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters and ethers. XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of AgNPs while TEM revealed the particles to be spherical in shape with an average size of 9 nm. The synthesized AgNPs showed good antimicrobial activity especially more against Gram negative bacteria. The cytotoxicity effect was dose dependent and genotoxic study revealed non toxic nature at lower concentration.
Graphic Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G.A. Kahrilas, W. Haggren, R.L. Read, L.M. Wally, S.J. Fredrick, Investigation of antibacterial activity by silver nanoparticles prepared by microwave-assisted green syntheses with soluble starch, dextrose, and arabinose. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2(4), 590–598 (2014)
Y.P. Sun, P. Atorngitjawat, M.J. Meziani, Preparation of silver nanoparticles via rapid expansion of water in carbon dioxide microemulsion into reductant solution. Langmuir 17(19), 5707–5710 (2001)
Y.C. Liu, L.H. Lin, New pathway for the synthesis of ultrafine silver nanoparticles from bulk silver substrates in aqueous solutions by sonoelectrochemical methods. Electrochem Commun 6(11), 1163–1168 (2004)
N.M. Dimitrijevic, D.M. Bartels, C.D. Jonah, K. Takahashi, T. Rajh, Radiolytically induced formation and optical absorption spectra of colloidal silver nanoparticles in supercritical ethane. J Phys Chem B 105, 954–959 (2001)
L. Zhang, Y.H. Shen, A.J. **e, S.K. Li, B.K. **, Q.F. Zhang, One-step synthesis of monodisperse silver nanoparticles beneath vitamin E Langmuir monolayers. J Phys Chem B 110, 6615–6620 (2006)
M.A. Ansari, M.A. Alzohairy, One pot facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Phoenix dactylifera and their bactericidal potential against MRSA. eCAM (2018). https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1860280
M. Velu, J. Lee, W. Chang, N. Lovanh, Y. Park, P. Jayanthi, V. Palanivel, B. Oh, Fabrication, optimization, and characterization of noble silver nanoparticles from sugarcane leaf (Saccharum officinarum) extract for antifungal application. Biotech (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0749-y
M.H. Kahsay, D. RamaDevi, P.Y. Kumar, S.B. Mohan, A. Tadesse, G. Battu, K. Basavaiah, Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Dolichos lablab for reduction of 4-Nitrophenol, antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Open Nano 3, 28–37 (2018)
M. Behravan, A.H. Panahi, A. Naghizadeh, M. Ziaee, R. Mahdavi, A. Mirzapour, Facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Berberis vulgaris leaf and root aqueous extract and its antibacterial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 124, 148–154 (2019)
M. Anandan, G. Poorani, P. Boomi, K. Varunkumar, K. Anand, A.A. Chuturgoon, M. Saravanan, H.G. Prabu, Green synthesis of anisotropic silver nanoparticles from the aqueous leaf extract of Dodonaea viscosa with their antibacterial and anticancer activities. Process Biochem (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2019.02.014
C. Yu, J. Tang, X. Liu, X. Ren, M. Zhen, L. Wang, Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) leaf extract for reductive catalysis. Materials (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12010189
R. Seifipour, M. Nozari, L. Pishkar, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Tragopogon collinus leaf extract and study of their antibacterial effects. J Inorg Organomet Polymers and Materials (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01441-9
P. Moteriya, S. Chanda, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: future source of new drugs (LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co KG, Saarbrucken, 2017)
C. Liao, Y. Li, S.C. Tjong, Bactericidal and cytotoxic properties of silver nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020449
F.S. Rosarin, V. Arulmozhi, S. Nagarajan, S. Mirunalini, Antiproliferative effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized using amla on Hep2 cell line. Asian Pac J Trop Med (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60193-X
C. Rigo, L. Ferroni, I. Tocco, M. Roman, I. Munivrana, C. Gardin, W.R. Cairns, V. Vindigni, B. Azzena, C. Barbante, Active silver nanoparticles for wound healing. Int J Mol Sci 14, 4817–4840 (2013)
Malapermal, V., Botha, I., Krishna, S.B.N., Mbatha, J.N. Enhancing antidiabetic and antimicrobial performance of Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum sanctum (L.) using silver nanoparticles. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
O.E. Rodríguez-Luis, R. Hernandez-Delgadillo, R.I. Sánchez-Nájera, G.A. Martínez-Castañón, N. Niño-Martínez, M.C.S. Navarro, F. Ruiz, C. Cabral-Romero, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their bactericidal and antimycotic activities against oral microbes. J Nanomater (2016). https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9204573
A. Ahmad, Y. Wei, F. Syed, S. Khan, G.M. Khan, K. Tahir, A.U. Khan, M. Raza, F.U. Khan, Q. Yuan, Isatis tinctoria mediated synthesis of amphotericin B-bound silver nanoparticles with enhanced photoinduced antileishmanial activity: a novel green approach. J Photochem Photobiol B 161, 17–24 (2016)
R.D. Vasquez, J.G. Apostol, J.D. de Leon, J.D. Mariano, C.M.C. Mirhan, S.S. Pangan, A.G.M. Reyes, E.T. Zamora, Polysaccharide-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Sargassum siliquosum J.G. Agardh: Assessment of toxicity and hepatoprotective activity. Open Nano 1, 16–24 (2016)
C. Rajkuberan, S. Prabukumar, G. Sathishkumar, A. Wilson, K. Ravindran, S. Sivaramakrishnan, Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Euphorbia antiquorum L. latex extract and evaluation of their biomedical perspectives as anticancer agents. J Saudi Chem Soc 21, 911–919 (2017)
A.V. Ramesh, D.R. Devi, G.R. Battu, K. Basavaiah, A Facile plant mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles using an aqueous leaf extract of Ficus hispida Linn. f. for catalytic, antioxidant and antibacterial applications. South Afr J Chem Eng 26, 25–34 (2018)
E. Parthiban, N. Manivannan, R. Ramanibaia, N. Mathivanan, Green synthesis of silver-nanoparticles from Annona reticulata leaves aqueous extract and its mosquito larvicidal and anti-microbial activity on human pathogens. Biotechnol Rep (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00297
M. Parthibavarman, S. Bhuvaneshwari, M. Jayashree, R. BoopathiRaja, Green synthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles using extract of apple and grape and with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. Bio Nano Sci 9, 423–432 (2019)
A. Qidwai, R. Kumar, A. Dikshit, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by seed of Phoenix sylvestris L. and their role in the management of cosmetics embarrassment. Green Chem Lett Rev 11, 176–188 (2018)
N. Paul, R. Uadav, Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant seeds and their antimicrobial activity. Asian J Biomed Pharmaceut Sci 5(45), 26–28 (2015)
R. Golabiazar, K.I. Othman, K.M. Khalid, D.H. Maruf, S.M. Aulla, P.A. Yusif, Green synthesis, characterization, and investigation antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica leaf extract. Bio Nano Sci 9, 323–333 (2019)
K.S. Siddiqi, M. Rashid, H.A. Tajuddin, S. Rehman, Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles from Diospyros montana, their characterization and activity against some clinical isolates. Bio Nano Sci 9, 302–312 (2019)
B. Ajitha, Y.A.K. Reddy, H.J. Jeon, C.W. Ahn, Synthesis of silver nanoparticles in an eco-friendly way using Phyllanthus amarus leaf extract: Antimicrobial and catalytic activity. Advan Powder Technol 29(1), 86–93 (2018)
A. Kumar, V. Nirmala, Gastric antiulcer activity of the leaves of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Planta Med 69(8), 776–777 (2004)
M. Sudhakar, C.V. Rao, P.M. Rao, D.B. Raju, Y. Venkateswarlu, Antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Euphorbia hirta and Asystasia gangeticum. Fitoterapia 77, 378–380 (2006)
C.R. Pawar, R.E. Mutha, A.D. Landge, R.B. Jadhav, S.J. Surana, Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Caesalpinia pulcherrima wood. Indian J Biochem Biophys 46, 198–200 (2009)
J.C. Palomino, A. Martin, M. Camacho, H. Guerra, J. Swings, F. Portaels, Resazurin microtiter assay plate: simple and inexpensive method for detection of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 46, 2720–2722 (2002)
K.O. Akinyemi, O. Oladapo, C.E. Okwara, C.C. Ibe, K.A. Fasure, Screening of crude extract of six medicinal plants used in south west Nigerian unorthodox medicine for anti-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus activity. BMC Comp Alt Med 5, 6–12 (2005)
E.J. Ernst, E.E. Roling, C.R. Petzold, D.J. Keele, M.E. Klepser, In vitro activity of micafungin (FK-463) against Candida spp.: microdilution, time-kill and post antifungal-effect studies. Antimicrobiol Agents Chemother 46, 3846–3853 (2002)
P. Moteriya, S. Chanda, Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Caesalpinia pulcherrima flower extract and assessment of their in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and genotoxic activities. Artif cells Nanomed Biotechnol 45(8), 1556–1567 (2017)
J.R. Nakkala, R. Mata, A.K. Gupta, S.R. Sadras, Biological activities of green silver nanoparticles synthesized with Acorous calamus rhizome extract. Eur J Med Chem 85, 784–794 (2014)
K.S.B. Naidu, N. Murugan, J.K. Adam, Sershen Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Avicennia marina seed extract and its antibacterial potential. Bio Nano Sci 9, 266–273 (2019)
M.M. GaneshBabu, P. Gunasekaran, Extracellular synthesis of crystalline silver nanoparticle and its characterization. Material Lett 90, 162–164 (2013)
M.F. Zayed, W.H. Eisa, A.A. Shabaka, Malva parviflora extract assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol and Biomol Spectroscop 98, 423–428 (2012)
P.S. Ramesh, T. Kokila, D. Geetha, Plant mediated green synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using Emblica officinalis fruit extract. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosco 142, 339–343 (2015)
M. Valodkar, P.S. Nagar, R.N. Jadeja, M.C. Thounaojam, R.V. Devkar, S. Thakore, Euphorbiaceae latex induced green synthesis of non-cytotoxic metallic nanoparticle solutions: a rational approach to antimicrobial applications. Colloid Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects 384, 337–344 (2011)
N.U. Islam, R. Amin, M. Shahid, M. Amin, Gummy gold and silver nanoparticles of apricot (Prunus armeniaca) confer high stability and biological activity. Arab J Chem (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.02.017
C. Ganesh Kumar, Y. Poornachandra, Biodirected synthesis of miconazole-conjugated bacterial silver nanoparticles and their application as antifungal agents and drug delivery vehicles. Colloids and Surfacs B 125, 110–119 (2015)
A. Verma, M.S. Mehata, Controllable synthesis of silver nanoparticles using neem leaves and their antimicrobial activity. J Radiation Res Appl Sci 9, 109–115 (2016)
Z. Shen, G. Han, C. Liu, X. Wang, R. Sun, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with bagasse for colorimetric detection of cysteine in serum samples. J Alloys Compd (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.05.348
C. Sundaravadivelan, N.M. Padmanabhan, P. Sivaprasath, L. Kishmu, Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Pedilanthus tithymaloides leaf extract with anti-developmental activity against larval instars of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera; Culicidae). Parasitol Res 112, 303–311 (2013)
G.G. Selvam, S.K. Sivakumar, Phycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange dye using silver (Ag) nanoparticles synthesized from Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V. Lamouroux. Appl Nanosci 5, 617–622 (2015)
R. Sankar, K. Rizwana, Ultra-rapid photocatalytic activity of Azadirachta indica engineered colloidal titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Appl Nanosci 5(6), 731–736 (2015)
V. Ravichandran, S. Vasanthi, S. Shalini, S.A.A. Shah, H. Rajak, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Atrocarpus altilis leaf extract and the study of their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Mat Lett 180, 264–267 (2016)
R. Bhuvaneswari, R.J. Xavier, M. Arumugam, Biofabrication and its in vitro toxicity mechanism of silver nanoparticles using Bruguiera cylindrica leaf extract. Karbala Int J Mod Sci 1(2), 129–134 (2015)
T. Ahmad, I.A. Wani, N. Manzoor, J. Ahmed, A.M. Asiri, Biosynthesis, structural characterization and antimicrobial activity of gold and silver nanoparticles. Colloid Surf B 107, 227–234 (2013)
S. Yallappa, J. Manjanna, B.L. Dhananjaya, Phytosynthesis of stable Au, Ag and Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles using J. sambac leaves extract, and their enhanced antimicrobial activity in presence of organic antimicrobials. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosco 137, 236–243 (2015)
K. Govindaraju, K. Krishnamoorthy, S.A. Alsagaby, G. Singaravelu, M. Premanathan, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for selective toxicity towards cancer cells. IET Nanobiotechnol 9(6), 325–330 (2015)
A.U. Khan, Y. Wei, Z.U.H. Khan, K. Tahir, A. Ahmad, S.U. Khan, F.U. Khan, Q.U. Khan, Q. Yuan, Visible light induced photodegradation of methylene blue and reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol over bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles. Separat Sci Technol (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2016.1140203
A. Rautela, J. Rani, M.D. Das, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Tectona grandis seeds extract: characterization and mechanism of antimicrobial action on different microorganisms. J Anal Sci Technol (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-018-0163-z
Y. **, J. Zhang, T. **ng, G. Chen, R. Tao, K. Choo, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using grape seedextract and their application for reductive catalysis of Direct Orange 26. J Indust Eng Chem (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2017.09.009
K. Roy, C.K. Sarkar, C.K. Ghosh, Plant mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles using parsley (Petroselinum crispum) leaf extract: spectral analysis of the particles and antibacterial study. Appl Nanosci 5(8), 945–951 (2015)
S. Nindawat, V. Agrawal, Fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Arnebia hispidissima (Lehm.) A. DC. root extract and unravelling their potential biomedical applications. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 47, 166–180 (2019)
S. Pirtarighat, M. Ghannadnia, S. Baghshahi, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the plant extract of Salvia spinosa grown in vitro and their antibacterial activity assessment. J Nanostruct Chem 9, 1–9 (2019)
G. Bagherzade, M.M. Tavakoli, M.H. Namaei, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) wastages and its antibacterial activity against six bacteria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 7, 227–233 (2017)
D. Bharathi, M.D. Josebin, S. Vasantharaj, V. Bhuvaneshwari, Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using stem bark extracts of Diospyros montana and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. J Nanostruct Chem 8, 83–92 (2018)
C.N. Lok, C.M. Ho, R. Chen, Q.Y. He, W.Y. Yu, H. Sun, P.K. Tam, J.F. Chiu, C.M. Che, Proteomic analysis of the mode of antibacterial action of silver nanoparticles. J Proteome Res 5, 916–924 (2006)
Y. He, Z. Du, H. Lv, Q. Jia, Z. Tang, X. Zheng, K. Zhang, F. Zhao, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. extract and their application in clinical ultrasound gel. Int J Nanomed 8, 1809–1815 (2013)
B. Das, S.K. Dash, D. Mandal, T. Ghosh, S. Chattopadhyay, S. Tripathy, S. Das, S.K. Dey, D. Das, S. Roy, Green synthesized silver nanoparticles destroy multidrug resistant bacteria via reactive oxygen species mediated membrane damage. Arab J Chem (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.08.008
E.K.F. Elbeshehy, A.M. Elazzazy, G. Aggelis, Silver nanoparticles synthesis mediated by new isolates of Bacillus spp., nanoparticle characterization and their activity against Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus and human pathogens. Front Microbiol 6, 453 (2015)
L. Wang, C. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Xu, Su Hongyan, X. Cheng, Antibacterial activities of the novel silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using Cordyceps militaris extract. Curr Appl Phys 16, 969–973 (2016)
M.A. Farah, M.A. Ali, S.M. Chen, Y. Li, F.M. Al-Hemaid, F.M. Abou-Tarboush, K.M. Al-Anazia, J. Lee, Silver nanoparticles synthesized from Adenium obesum leaf extract induced DNA damage, apoptosis and autophagy via generation of reactive oxygen species. Colloid Surf B 141, 158–169 (2016)
R. Vivek, R. Thangam, K. Muthuchelian, P. Gunasekaran, K. Kaveri, S. Kannan, Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Annona squamosa leaf extract and its in vitro cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells. Process Biochem 47, 2405–2410 (2012)
B. Gajendran, A. Chinnasamy, P. Durai, J. Raman, M. Ramar, Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Datura inoxia and its apoptotic effect on human breast cancer cell line MCF7. Mat Lett 122, 98–102 (2014)
G. Prasannaraj, P. Venkatachalam, Green engineering of biomolecule-coated metallic silver nanoparticles and their potential cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines. Adv Nat: Sci Nanoscid Nanotechnol (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6254/aa6d2c
B. Mousavi, F. Tafvizi, S.K. Bostanabad, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Artemisia turcomanica leaf extract and the study of anti-cancer effect and apoptosis induction on gastric cancer cell line (AGS). Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 46, S499–S510 (2018)
T. **a, M. Kovochich, J. Brant, M. Hotze, J. Sempf, T. Oberley, C. Sioutas, I.J. Yeh, M.R. Wiesner, A.E. Nel, Comparison of the abilities of ambient and manufactured nanoparticles to induce cellular toxicity according to an oxidative stress paradigm. Nano Lett 6, 1794–1807 (2006)
M. Ott, V. Gogvadze, S. Orrenius, B. Zhivotovsky, Mitochondria, oxidative stress and cell death. Apoptosis 12, 913–922 (2007)
A. Azqueta, J. Slyskova, S.A.S. Langie, I.N. Gaivão, A. Collins, Comet assay to measure DNA repair: approach and applications. Front Genet 5, 288 (2014)
A. El-Hussein, Study DNA damage after photodynamic therapy using silver nanoparticles with A549 cell line. J Nanomed Nanotechnol (2016). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7439.1000346
M.A.A. Gurabi, D. Ali, S. Alkahtani, S. Alarifi, In vivo DNA damaging and apoptotic potential of silver nanoparticles in Swiss albino mice. Onco Targets Therepeut 8, 295–302 (2015)
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Department of Biosciences (UGC-CAS) for providing excellent research facilities. One of the authors Ms. Pooja Moteiya is thankful to UGC, New Delhi for providing meritorious Junior Research Fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Moteriya, P., Chanda, S. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Caesalpinia pulcherrima Leaf Extract and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Potential (3-in-1 System). J Inorg Organomet Polym 30, 3920–3932 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01532-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01532-7