Abstract
Exposure to nature has been suggested to promote immigrants’ health and facilitate adaptation. This review summarizes previous research focusing on the relationship between nature and immigrants’ integration, wellbeing and physical activity. A search strategy was developed and adapted to seven databases. After removing duplicates, 4861 records were screened, 81 met inclusion criteria. Community gardens and urban parks were the most studied environments. In these settings, embodied experiences (the interactive processes of sensing and cognition) can foster new memories that facilitate adaptation and attachment to new natural environments. Social interaction and reconnecting with pre-migration experiences through specific use patterns can promote cultural continuation, sense of belonging and wellbeing. Other health benefits such as physical activity, disease management and improved nutrition were less frequently studied. Barriers to participation and recommendations for research and practice were also identified. Use of stronger study designs and greater inclusion of immigrant groups in research, design and evaluation of nature-based initiatives is needed.
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08 May 2023
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-023-01487-0
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Acknowledgements
We express our gratitude to David Scott, our health science librarian, for his help in develo** the search strategy.
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This study was supported by research assistantship funds from the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Lethbridge and an Alberta Innovates Summer Studentship award (to RAL). RL is a founding member of Outdoor Play Canada. All other authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
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UCR and RL contributed to the study conception and design. UCR performed the database search and the thematic analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors participated in the screening process and data extraction and commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Integration
Authors, Year, Country | Method | Type of natural environment* | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
Abramovic, Turner and Hope (2019) Australia | Qualitative | Community garden | Community gardens facilitate a place ‘attunement’ process and increase belonging (with human and non- human) |
Addas and Risbeth (2018) Saudi Arabia | Qualitative | Public spaces (some green spaces) | Green public spaces facilitate the connection past memories that shape sense of belonging. These spaces facilitate social recognition |
Agustina and Beilin (2012) Australia | Qualitative | Community garden | Community gardens can increase belonging and connection to new community and environment |
Baker (2004) Canada | Qualitative | Community gardens | Community gardens can be spaces where counter hegemonic citizenship and food citizenship take place |
Biemnet (2019) Canada | Qualitative | Nature | Nature can have an important role in integration process and the development of place attachment. It can also be a space of cultural shock |
Bishop and Purcell (2013) UK | Qualitative | Horticulture/gardening | Gardening can facilitate belonging |
Boyd (2012) US | Qualitative | Green space (watershed) | Greenspace can be a reminder of home. It facilitates the development of community cohesion, sense of place and sense of neighborhood |
Cadzow, Byrne and Goodall (2010) Australia | Qualitative | River environments | River environments represent connections with landscapes and memories. They help to develop sense of place and belonging, social cohesion and integration |
Coughlan and Hermes (2016) US | Qualitative | Green spaces | Green spaces play a role in place making and the negotiation of displacement. They are a means of integration |
Cummings, Rowe Minniss, Harris and Somerset (2008) Australia | Qualitative | Community garden | Community gardens can promote sense of belonging, mutual aid, trust and reciprocity, and assist in settlement |
Derrien and Stokowski (2014) US | Qualitative | Local landscapes and environments | Local landscapes facilitate the development of place relationships (sense of place) |
Gentin et al. (2018) Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden | Qualitative | Nature-based integration activities and programs | Nature-based integration programs assist immigrants in their adaptation to the new environments. They promote social integration and foster sense of place |
Gerodetti and Foster (2016) UK | Qualitative | Gardening | Gardening offer opportunities for integration and adaptation of gardening practices |
Graham and Connell (2006) Australia | Mixed methods | Home garden | Home gardens can help settlement by connecting immigrants to their past. They foster sense of place and facilitate the transfer of cultural values to children |
Gran-O’Donnell (2018) US | Mixed methods | Places and nature | Nature can contribute to wellbeing and offer places for community socialization |
Grzymala-Kazlowska (2018) UK | Qualitative | Favorite places (parks or mountains) | Natural settings can function as "anchoring" places in adaptation, facilitate attachment and integration |
Harris, Minniss and Somerset (2014) Australia | Qualitative | Community garden | Community garden can help reconnecting with their (agri)culture and foster community belonging |
Hondagneu-Sotelo (2017) US | Qualitative | Community garden | Community gardens can be a re-creation of homeland. They play a role in the meaning making of home and belonging |
Hordyk, Dulude and Shem (2015) Canada | Qualitative | Urban park summer camp | Being in the park facilitates an embodied adaptation, belonging, and reduces social and linguistic barriers (in children) |
Hung (2003) Canada | Qualitative | Parks and outdoor activities | Participation and use of parks depend on acculturation |
Hurly (2019) Canada | Qualitative | Nature-based leisure | Nature-based leisure can foster belonging but also trigger nostalgia |
Hurly and Walker (2019) Canada | Qualitative | Nature-based leisure | Nature-based leisure can foster sense of belonging and community. It can be a symbol of integration and provide a glimpse of normality |
Jay and Schraml (2009) Germany | Qualitative | Urban woodlands | Emotional and spiritual bonding to forests is common. Forests have attached meaning, and function as universal spaces in integration process. They facilitate sense of belonging. There are ethnic differences in values and perceptions |
Jay and Schraml (2014) Germany | Qualitative | Urban forest | Migration can contribute to a decrease in frequency of visits to forests, loss of familiarity with the natural world, and shift in recreational practices |
Johnson, Bowker and Cordell (2005) US | Quantitative | Outdoor recreation | Outdoor recreation activities can be a way to acculturate and/or express one’s own culture of origin |
Kale (2019) New Zealand | Qualitative | Places (natural) and land | Connecting with the land can develop place attachment and belonging, put down roots, literally (in gardening) and symbolically |
Lange, Vogels, and Jamal (2011) Canada | Mixed methods | Provincial parks | Recreation is a major part of settlement. Provincial parks can contribute to increase sense of place and belonging |
Leikkilä, Faehnle and Galanakis (2013) Findland | Qualitative | Urban nature | Participation in urban nature facilitates identification with the host environment and integration (structural, social, identificational and cognitive) |
Li, Sotiriadou and Auld (2015) Australia | Qualitative | Sports (outdoors) | (Outdoor) sports can facilitate acculturation but their role diminished over time |
Lobo (2014) Australia | Qualitative | Public space (suburban beach) | The beach facilitates embodied disruptions of racial force fields (whiteness) |
Lovelock et al. (2011) New Zealand | Qualitative | Outdoor nature-based recreation | Outdoor recreation enables connections with past. However, there are ethnic differences in perceptions and values. Parks are social institutions that can reproduce social exclusion |
Lovelock, Lovelock, Jellum and Thompson (2012) New Zealand | Quantitative | Nature-based recreation | Nature-based recreation offers different benefits depending on settlement stage |
Main (2013) US | Mixed methods | Urban parks | Urban parks provide elements of continuity, discontinuity and change. They play a role in place making, reconstruction of identity, and belonging |
Main and Sandoval (2015) US | Mixed methods | Park | Parks can be a reminder of homeland. They play a role in place making, identity confirmation (cultural practices), agency and citizenship through local engagement and action |
Maulidi, Wulandari and Lop (2017) Indonesia | Qualitative | Land (rice fields) | Rice fields increase residential satisfaction and place attachment |
Mazumdar and Mazumdar (2009) US | Qualitative | Home garden | Home gardens can foster sense of belonging and identity, but also trigger nostalgia |
Mazumdar and Mazumdar (2012) US | Qualitative | Home garden | Home gardens can be an ethnic space and foster place attachment |
Peters (2010) Netherlands | Qualitative | Public spaces (parks) | Public spaces can facilitate feeling of togetherness (native and immigrants) and home. Nature can be a transitional space between private and public spaces |
Peters, Elands and Buijs (2010) Netherlands | Mixed methods | Urban parks | Urban parks can be inclusive spaces that offer leisure opportunities. Native-born are more attached to parks than immigrants |
Peters, Stodolska and Horolets (2016) US, Germany, Poland and Netherlands | Qualitative | Natural environments | Natural environments facilitate the connection with pre-migration memories. There is a mediation of demographic factors in attachment to nature in host countries. Adaptation can be a bio-directional (immigrants resha** nature) |
Phillipp and Ho (2010) New Zealand | Qualitative | Outdoors | Participation in the outdoors can be a strategy in the settlement process. Outdoors can facilitate feelings of home and belonging |
Preiss (2013) US | Mixed methods | Community garden | Participating in community gardens creates connections with past agricultural identity, knowledge and occupations. They can foster place attachment |
Risbeth, Blachnicka-Ciacek and Darling (2019) Germany and UK | Qualitative | Urban greenspace | Urban greenspace can function as ‘curated sociability’ space. They play a role in refugee integration, but tensions between users are not absent |
Rishbeth and Finney (2005) UK | Qualitative | Outdoors | The outdoors can provide a glimpse of normality and contrast from everyday routines |
Rishbeth and Powell (2013) UK | Qualitative | Outdoor spaces/landscapes | The outdoors can be spaces that foster social connection or trigger cultural disconnection. There can be similarities and differences in natural environments. Nature can exacerbate negative shock or reduce it |
Sastre and Haldeman (2015) US | Qualitative | Home garden | Home gardens can be a protective factor against rapid dietary acculturation |
Seeland, Dübendorfer and Hansmann (2009) Switzerland | Mixed methods | Public green space | Parks can be spaces for social inclusion (in children) |
Silveirinha De Oliveira (2012) Portugal | Mixed methods | Natural public open spaces | Natural spaces can foster place dependence, place identity and place attachment. They can also increase the sense of belonging and decrease cultural shock in the integration process |
Stodolska, Peters and Horolets (2017) US, Netherlands, Germany and Poland | Qualitative | Natural environments | Natural environments can facilitate psychological adaptation, cultural adaptation and place attachment. However, they can also trigger dislocation, nostalgia, alienation, and uprootedness. These spaces were not conducive to socialize with strangers |
Stoetzer (2011) Germany | Qualitativ | Urban nature | Urban nature can facilitate cosmopolitanism, and/or express conflicts around migration, race and inequality |
Strunk and Richardson (2019) US | Qualitative | Gardens | Gardens can facilitate identity construction and social visibility. They can also foster belonging |
Thompson, Corkery and Judd (2007) Australia | Qualitative | Community garden | Community gardens can facilitate cross-cultural relations and belonging |
Walker (2018) US | Qualitative | Landscape and natural environment | Natural environments can foster belonging, bridge between past and present, and facilitate the acceptance of new home. Observations suggest the topophilia hypothesis |
Wen Li, Hodgetts and Ho (2010) New Zealand | Qualitative | Domestic garden | Domestic gardens can provide continuity and connection to pre-migration daily-life and culture, and foster belonging (in seniors) |
Appendix 2: Wellbeing
Authors, Year, Country | Method | Type of natural environment* | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
Abramovic, Turner and Hope (2019) Australia | Qualitative | Community garden | Community gardens offer a safe place to perform sensorial experiences (embodiment), and opportunities to grow cultural food. They represent connected ecologies where culture, community, food-production and recovery are entangled |
Addas and Risbeth (2018) Saudi Arabia | Qualitative | Public spaces (some green) | Green public spaces facilitate restoration, and offer opportunities to perform religious practices and socialization |
Agustina and Beilin (2012) Australia | Qualitative | Community garden | Community garden facilitates self-actualization and socialization |
Bain, Quinn and Rettie (2008) Canada | Qualitative | National parks | Going to national parks triggers feelings of appreciation, awe, inspiration, respect and attachment to nature |
Baker (2019) Canada | Qualitative | Community gardens | Community gardens offer opportunities to cultivate culturally appropriate food security, use previous skills, and improve quality of life |
Biemnet (2019) Canada | Qualitative | Nature | Nature fosters not only connection with people but with elements of the natural world |
Bishop and Purcell (2013) UK | Qualitative | Horticulture/gardening | Gardening facilitates the development of social networks, and has benefits in doing (meaningful occupation), being (links to the past) and becoming (new opportunities). They can also have positive impacts on health and wellbeing |
Boyd (2012) US | Qualitative | Green space (watershed) | Immigrants recall physical health benefits, weight loss, improvements in quality of life, and celebration of cultural heritage (in gardening) |
Carney, et al. (2012) US | Mixed methods | Community garden | Community gardens reduce food insecurity, improve vegetable intake, and strengthen family relationships |
Coughlan and Hermes (2016) US | Qualitative | Green spaces | Green spaces have restorative, therapeutic and spiritual capacities. They facilitate transgenerational teaching, physical and mental health benefits, and feelings of interconnection (physical, social and spiritual) |
Cummings et al. (2008) Australia | Qualitative | Community garden | Community garden facilitates the implementation of previous skills and knowledge, provide cultural food and improve quality of life |
Das, Fan and French (2017) US | Qualitative | Parks | Parks offer spaces for relaxation and social (and family) gathering |
Derrien and Stokowski (2014) US | Qualitative | Local landscapes and environments | Local natural environments can help to re-instituting cultural and family traditions |
Di (2018) Canada | Qualitative | Wilderness recreation | Recreation in wilderness offers opportunities for socialization (with peer or mainstream society). The author recommended ideal activities for specific demographics (newcomer parents, established parents, settling adults, and still-exploring youth) |
Eggert, Blood-Siegfried, Champagne, Al-Jumaily and Biederman (2015) US | Mixed methods | Community garden | Participants of community garden increased consumption of vegetables and improved nutrition. The garden fostered a system of donation and financial health |
El-Bialy and Mulay (2015) Canada | Qualitative | Natural environments | Natural environments can facilitate emotional healing, distress management, and assist in co** with sadness and homesickness. They promote sense of wellbeing |
Garcia (2014) US | Quantitative | Parks and recreation features | Latino neighborhoods are associated with fewer parks and higher risk of obesity |
Gentin et al. (2018) Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden | Qualitative | Nature-based integration activities and programs | Nature-based integration activities enhance social interaction, provide embodied and mental experiences, and promote institutional capabilities, stress reduction and leisure (future hobbies) |
Gerodetti and Foster (2016) UK | Qualitative | Gardening and allotment | Gardens can strengthen individual and social identities, and provide cultural food |
Graham and Connell (2006) Australia | Mixed methods | Home garden | Home gardens can strengthen cultural relationships, ties and identities, and provide cultural food |
Gran-O’Donnell (2018) US | Mixed methods | Places and nature | Nature can promote spiritual, emotional, mental and bodily wellbeing, healing, stress relief, re-centering, self-exploration, actualization and socialization |
Grubesic (2013) US | Qualitative | Community garden | Community gardens can promote health, peace, pride and socialization |
Harris, Minniss and Somerset (2014) Australia | Qualitative | Community garden | Community gardens facilitate food security improvements, access to culturally appropriate food, and use of past skills and knowledge |
Hartwig and Mason (2016) US | Mixed-methods | Community garden | Community gardens can offer benefits on physical and mental health, food security and social support. Immigrants used previous skills and knowledge |
Head et al. (2019) Australia | Qualitative | Gardening/farming | Gardening can promote physical and mental health, cultural identity, wellbeing, and relaxation. It can also facilitate the fulfillment of dietary preferences |
Höglhammer, Muhar and Stokowski (2019) Austria | Qualitative | Peri-urban protected areas | Protected areas can offer opportunities for recreation, relaxation and recovery, and promote health and wellbeing |
Hondagneu-Sotelo (2017) US | Qualitative | Community garden | Community gardens offer opportunities for socialization, stress reduction, and practice previous skills. They may provide benefits for newcomers who struggle with adjustment-related problems, stress and social isolation |
Hordyk, Dulude and Shem (2015) Canada | Qualitative | Urban park summer camp | In children, parks offer a safe space for expressing difficult emotions (container), relaxing physically and emotionally (holding), and develo** relationship with plants/animals (attachment) |
Hordyk, Hanley and Richard (2015) Canada | Qualitative | Urban greenspace | Visiting urban greenspace can reduce settlement stress and increase social interaction. Access to nature could be a social determinant of health |
Hurly (2019) Canada | Qualitative | Nature-based leisure | Nature-based leisure offers opportunities for relaxation, esca** negative thoughts, restoration, mitigating of traumatic memories and stress, and promote physical and mental wellbeing |
Hurly and Walker (2019) Canada | Qualitative | Nature-based leisure | Nature-based leisure facilitates empowerment, self-determination, relaxation and restoration |
Jay and Schraml (2009) Germany | Qualitative | Urban woodlands | Urban woodlands offer opportunities for relaxation, retreat, stress relief, and social wellbeing. There are ethnic differences in the types of activities and outcomes of participation |
Jay and Schraml (2014) Germany | Qualitative | Urban forest | Urban forests can be places for retreat and socialization. Some showed fear of forest |
Kabisch and Haase (2014) Germany | Multi-method | Urban green space | Unequal distribution of urban green spaces in immigrant neighborhoods based on the Gini index |
Kale (2019) New Zealand | Qualitative | Places (natural) and land | Green places can be therapeutic, promoting safety, happiness, and autonomy, and decreasing stress and anxiety |
Kim et al. (2018) South Korea | Quantitative | Leisure activities (outdoors) | Outdoor activities were significantly correlated with life satisfaction and physical health |
Kloek, Buijs, Boersema and Schouten (2015) Netherlands | Quantitative | Outdoor recreation | There are ethnic and intersectional differences in outcomes of participating outdoors, such as motivation, joy, socialization, retreat and recreation |
Korpela (2018) India | Qualitative | Outdoor play | Children’ exploration, free play and improved quality of life can be facilitated by outdoor play |
Lange, Vogels, and Jamal (2011) Canada | Mixed methods | Provincial parks | Participation in a nature-based integration program facilitated environmental literacy gains, positive experiences, relaxation, connection with nature, family wellbeing and socialization |
Leikkilä, Faehnle and Galanakis (2013) Finland | Qualitative | Urban nature | Urban nature offers spaces for social interaction, relaxation and refuge from daily problems |
Lovelock et al. (2011) New Zealand | Qualitative | Outdoor nature-based recreation | The outdoors are an ideal space to re-experience embodiment with nature |
Lovelock, Lovelock, Jellum and Thompson (2012) New Zealand | Quantitative | Nature-based recreation | Nature-based recreation facilitates family time, socialization and the collection of food |
Main (2013) US | Mixed methods | Urban parks | Parks can foster psychological wellbeing but participating is not free of tensions between feelings of community or isolation, restoration or disturbance, and safety or insecurity |
Mazumdar and Mazumdar (2009) US | Qualitative | Home garden | Home gardens facilitate cultural and religious continuity |
Mazumdar and Mazumdar (2012) US | Qualitative | Home garden | Home gardens facilitate religious, cultural and ecological socialization, and the production of cultural food |
Minkoff-Zern (2012) US | Qualitative | Community Garden | Participating in community garden enabled finding shared identities and solidarity through agricultural and food practices; crucial for mobilization of resources |
Peters (2010) Netherlands | Qualitative | Public spaces (parks) | Participants experienced feelings of safety, home, comfort, retreat and escape |
Peters, Stodolska and Horolets (2016) US, Germany, Poland and Netherlands | Qualitative | Natural environments | Natural environments can facilitate feelings of peace, relaxation and stress reduction. They offer opportunities for social interaction and recreation. For some, they trigger longing for home environment |
Preiss (2013) US | Mixed methods | Community garden | Community gardens foster self-reliance. Health and financial benefits were found |
Risbeth, Blachnicka-Ciacek and Darling (2019) Germany and UK | Qualitative | Urban greenspace | Urban greenspace can promote wellbeing, pleasure, joy and restoration |
Risbeth and Finney (2005) UK | Qualitative | Outdoors | The outdoors has educational value (about host country). It offers a glimpse of pleasurable aspects of life in the host city |
Rishbeth and Powell (2013) UK | Qualitative | Outdoor spaces/landscapes | Outdoor spaces offer opportunities for embodiment and restorative routines. They also facilitate feeling of security, comfort in social and personal identities, and wellbeing |
Sastre and Haldeman (2015) US | Qualitative | Home garden | Home gardens can improve food security, dietary habits, physical activity, and mental health. Participants used pre-migration skills |
Seeland, Dübendorfer and Hansmann (2009) Switzerland | Mixed methods | Public green space | Public green spaces are ideal places for making new friends (in children) |
Silveirinha De Oliveira (2011) Portugal | Mixed methods | Natural public open spaces | Natural public spaces facilitate relaxation, socialization and wellbeing. The experiences are mediated by the migratory experience (e.g., as a choice or displacement) |
Spalding (2011) Panama | Mixed methods | Landscape and natural environment | Nature can be a migratory pulling factor due to an “in tune with nature” lifestyle |
Stapleton, Erin (2009) Canada | Mixed Methods | Provincial parks | Provincial parks offer recreational activities, physical, emotional and spiritual benefits, and help to fulfill newcomers’ spiritual needs |
Stodolska (2002) Canada | Multi-method | Outdoor recreation activities | Outdoor recreation is a commonly discontinued type of leisure that can affect psychological and emotional wellbeing and family relations |
Stodolska, Peters and Horolets (2017) US, Netherlands, Germany and Poland | Qualitative | Natural environments | Natural environments can reduce acculturative stress and daily stress; improve psychological and mental wellbeing, and quality of life |
Stodolska, Peters and Horolets (2017) US, Netherlands, Germany and Poland | Qualitative | Natural environments | Time in nature can be beneficial to newcomers who struggle with settlement, stress or isolation |
Stoetzer (2011) Germany | Qualitative | Urban nature | Urban nature are economic spaces where immigrants can find livelihoods. Participation foster sense of control |
Strunk and Richardson (2019) US | Qualitative | Gardens | Gardens facilitate transgenerational transfer of knowledge, and the development and practice of skills and confidence that can permeate to other areas of life |
Thompson, Corkery and Judd (2007) Australia | Qualitative | Community garden | Participants of community gardens accounted for improvements in general health and wellbeing, community and social life, and reduction of depressive symptoms |
Walker (2018) US | Qualitative | Landscape and natural environment | Natural environments offer opportunities for restoration. Socioeconomic elements mediate access and benefits of nature |
Weltin and Lavin (2012) US | Mixed methods | Community garden | Participation in community gardens increased cardiovascular exercise, fruit and vegetable intake, access to healthy food, decrease of glycohemoglobin (HgA1c), and increased diabetic control |
Wen Li, Hodgetts and Ho (2010) New Zealand | Qualitative | Domestic garden | In seniors, domestic gardens enhance sense of control, independence, autonomy, availability of cultural food and the feeling of “being needed” |
Appendix 3: Physical activity
Authors, Year, Country | Method | Type of natural environment* | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
Baek (2013) US | Mixed methods | Park-based Physical physical Activityactivity | Caucasian park-users spent a greater proportion of their park time performing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity compared to Korean immigrants |
Boyd (2012) US | Qualitative | Green space (watershed) | Green spaces facilitate physical activity opportunities. Mental health benefits of green exercise were mentioned |
Das, Fan and French (2017) US | Qualitative | Parks | Parks are perceived to offer exercise opportunities |
Hartwig and Mason (2016) US | Mixed methods | Community garden | Gardening is a type of physical activity |
Höglhammer, Muhar and Stokowski (2019) Austria | Qualitative | Peri-urban protected areas | Walks in nature are common in peri-urban protected areas. However for some ethnic groups, the idea of performing physical activity in nature is uncommon |
Hung (2003) Canada | Qualitative | Wilderness recreation | The higher mainstream acculturated group showed more participation in physically demanding activities than the lower mainstream acculturated group |
Hurly (2019) Canada | Qualitative | Nature-based leisure | Nature-based leisure facilitate physical activity and fitness |
Jay and Schraml (2009) Germany | Qualitative | Urban woodlands | Walking and sport activities are common when using woodlands. However, there are gender and ethnic differences in activities performed |
Kloek, Buijs, Boersema, Schouten (2015) Netherlands | Quantitative | Outdoor recreation participation | Sport/health as main motivation for outdoor recreation was higher among non-immigrants. The difference between immigrants and non-immigrants on sport/health as their primary motivation for outdoor recreation was statistically significant compared to immigrant groups |
Lindsay, et al. (2019) US | Qualitative | Outdoors | Park use facilitates physical activity (in children) |
Lovelock et al. (2012) New Zealand | Quantitative | Nature-based recreation | Exercise was described as a benefit of nature-based recreation |
Marconnot, et al. (2019) Spain | Qualitative | Natural environment | Lack of access to infrastructure and insecurity were barriers to outdoor physical activity (in children) |
Rothe et al. (2010) US | Qualitative | Outdoors | Outdoor physical activity decreased in winter due to weather and safety concerns (in Youth) |
Silveirinha De Oliveira (2011) Portugal | Mixed methods | Natural public open spaces | Reduced physical activity after migration and barriers to exercise in natural public space due to regulations |
Thompson, Corkery and Judd (2007) Australia | Qualitative | Community garden | Community gardens offer physical exercise critical to the maintenance of good physical health in participants |
Tong, Sims Gould and McKay (2018) Canada | Mixed methods | Gardening | Gardening is a common ‘non-exercise’ physical activity in older adults |
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Charles-Rodriguez, U., Venegas de la Torre, M.D.L.P., Hecker, V. et al. The Relationship Between Nature and Immigrants’ Integration, Wellbeing and Physical Activity: A Sco** Review. J Immigrant Minority Health 25, 190–218 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-022-01339-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-022-01339-3