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Orchids as Sources of Novel Nanoinsecticides? Efficacy of Bacillus sphaericus and Zeuxine gracilis-Fabricated Silver Nanoparticles Against Dengue, Malaria and Filariasis Mosquito Vectors

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Abstract

Mosquitoes are the most critical group of insects in the context of public health, since they transmit key parasites and pathogens, causing millions of deaths annually. Insecticides from natural products may boost the effectiveness of vector control programs. In this study, we tested silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricated using the leaf extract of the orchid Zeuxine gracilis as reducing agent, and the microbial pesticide Bacillus sphaericus, against the mosquitoes Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The synthesis of AgNP was confirmed analyzing the excitation of surface Plasmon resonance using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry. SEM and TEM showed the irregular shapes of AgNPs. EDX spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and dynamic light scattering analysis were carried out. AgNPs were highly effective against the larvae of An. stephensi (LC50 = 8.48 µg/mL), Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 10.39 µg/mL) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 13.21 µg/mL), respectively. Combined treatments testing B. sphaericus with AgNPs were also effective against An. stephensi (LC50 = 12.32 µg/mL), Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 14.78 µg/mL) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 19.19 µg/mL). Overall, this study suggests that the orchid-synthesized AgNPs can be a rapid, environmentally safer bio-pesticide to be used in synergy with B. sphaericus to control mosquito vectors.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Science Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India, New Delhi (PDF/2017/001581) for providing financial support for the present work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India

    Kalimuthu Kovendan, Balamurugan Chandramohan & Siva Kamalakannan

  2. Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India

    Marimuthu Govindarajan

  3. Division of Vector Biology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India

    Kalimuthu Kovendan & Arulsamy Jebanesan

  4. Centre for Environmental Research and Development, LIFE, P.G. Research and Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 034, India

    Savariar Vincent

  5. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy

    Giovanni Benelli

  6. The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy

    Giovanni Benelli

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  1. Kalimuthu Kovendan
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Kovendan, K., Chandramohan, B., Govindarajan, M. et al. Orchids as Sources of Novel Nanoinsecticides? Efficacy of Bacillus sphaericus and Zeuxine gracilis-Fabricated Silver Nanoparticles Against Dengue, Malaria and Filariasis Mosquito Vectors. J Clust Sci 29, 345–357 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-018-1331-4

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