Abstract
A Citrus clementina gene, CcGASA4, which is involved in the responses of citrus to stress, was characterized. The gene was induced by Citrus tristeza virus infection, wounding and gibberellic, salicylic and abscisic acid treatments. A qRT-PCR analysis showed that CcGASA4 had a very high basal expression in flowers yet was still able to be further induced independently in giberellic, salicylic and abscisic acid-treated flowers. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the CcGASA4 protein localized to the cell membrane and nucleus. A yeast two-hybrid analysis and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays showed that CcGASA4 interacted with two proteins, the large proline-rich protein bag6-A (PRPBAG6-A) and the general negative regulator of transcription subunit 3 (CNOT3). PRPBAG6 has been reported to be involved in disease resistance. Replacing some of CcGASA4's conserved cysteines with alanines (Cys → Ala) abolished the protein’s interaction with CNOT3 but did not show any effect on the protein’s interaction with PRPBAG6-A. Thus, CcGASA4 appears to play multiple roles in Citrus, probably by interacting with different proteins and/or by localizing to different subcellular compartments.
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Introduction
Cysteine-rich peptides are particularly well represented among plants and are categorized into different classes based on the number and arrangement of the cysteine residues in the primary sequence (Silverstein et al. 2007). One class of cysteine-rich peptides, the gibberellic acid (GA) stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA)/GA-stimulated transcript (GAST) family plays crucial roles in plant growth, development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses (Nahirnak et al. 2012a, b; Silverstein et al. 2007). Most GASA genes are primarily regulated by GA. GAST1 was the first GASA family gene identified in planta (Shi et al. 1992). GAST1 homologs have since been identified in different plant species, including GIP1-5 in petunia (Ben-Nissan et al. 2004), SN1–2 in potato (Segura et al. 1999; Berrocal-Lobo et al. 2002), FBCBP in French bean (Bindschedler et al. 2006), GASA1–15 in Arabidopsis thaliana (Herzog et al. 1995; Nahirnak et al. 2012a, b), FsGASA4 in beechnut (Alonso-Ramírez et al. 2009), ZmGSL1–10 in maize (Zimmermann et al. 2010), GsGASA1 in soybean (Li et al. 2011), CaSn in pepper (Mao et al. Both the cDNA and the genomic DNA sequences of CcGASA4 were cloned from clementine mandarin leaves using the gene specific primers GASA4F and GASA4A (Fig. 1a). The cDNA contained a 321 bp-long ORF which shared a similarity of 99.69% to the clementine mandarin gene Ciclev10013454m CDS (https://www.phytozome.org). The cloned genomic DNA contained four exons and three introns (Fig. S2), and it was essentially identical to that of Ciclev10013454m.g. The deduced peptide sequence was 106 aa and contained a signal peptide, a transmembrane domain and a GASA domain (Fig. 1b). A BLAST alignment showed that the similarities between the predicted CcGASA4 protein and the GAST-like proteins from cucumber, grape, cotton and Rosa damascene were greater than 60%. A multiple sequence alignment showed that the C-terminal was much more conserved than the N-terminal (Fig. 1b), with no changes existing in the 12 cysteine residues of the C-terminal among all the analyzed GASA4 homologous proteins. Two subclades were clearly identifiable on the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1c): the first included Arabidopsis, Rosa damascene and strawberry, and the second included the CcGASA4 protein cloned in this study and the remaining analyzed GAST-like proteins. CcGASA4 was evolutionally closer to a cucumber homolog. The effects of CTV infection on the expression of GASA4 were investigated in leaves of **cheng. GASA4 was up-regulated at 1 month post-CTV inoculation. The peak expression was observed after 3 months. Although it decreased substantially, the gene’s expression was still higher in CTV-infected leaves than in control leaves after 5 months (Fig. 2a). The CcGASA4 promoter sequence downloaded from Phytozome was 1800 bp. It contains the gibberellin response element GARE, the abscisic acid response element ABRE, the inductive salicylic acid and the damage signal element WBox, the inductive pathogen invasion and the salt stress element GT1- Box, the drought response element MYB, the MYC and MYB transcription factor binding site MBS, the pollen-specific activation element AGAAA, the auxin response factor binding site AFR, and the photo-responsive elements, GBox, Box4 and IBox core (Fig. S3). Thus, CcGASA4 might participate in hormone and stress responses. Therefore, hormone and wounding treatments were performed on **cheng leaves. As shown in Fig. 2b, the gene was significantly induced after 4 h in leaves treated with GA3, and a small peak induction was shown at 12 h. Following the SA treatment, CcGASA4 expression increased at 1 h and reached a peak of 87-fold increase at 4 h, as compared with the control. In ABA treatment, CcGASA4 expression showed two peaks, the first one at 4 h and the second one at 24 h, corresponding to increases of 12.9-fold and 17.8-fold, respectively. CcGASA4 was also up-regulated by mechanical injury with a peak expression of 6.21-fold after 24 h. The variations in CcGASA4 expression were investigated in Citrus roots, stems, leaves and flowers. Figure 2c showed that the gene was expressed, although at different levels, in all the analyzed tissues. Notably, the gene was highly abundantly expressed in flowers. The gene’s temporal expression pattern was investigated in flowers, and it was expressed higher at the initiating bloom and bloom stages, with the lowest expression at the wither stage (Fig. 2d). As shown in Fig. 2e, the gene varied in its expression level in different flower parts, with the highest expression in petals and the lowest in anthers. With the GA treatment, the expression of GASA4 spiked after 2 h and then subsided (Fig. 2f). The SA treatment gradually stimulated the gene’s expression in the first 4 h and then reduced its expression in the following hours. ABA increased the expression of GASA4 to a peak at 2 h but not after 8 h. Interestingly, although its promoter contains an auxin response factor binding AFR site, the gene’s expression was not induced by the IAA treatment. The CcGASA4-GFP was successfully constructed (Fig. 3a) and transiently expressed in onion epidermal cells (Fig. 3b). After plasmolysis, GFP fluorescence signals were observed in the nucleus and plasma membrane but not in the cell wall. A representative pGADT7-DEST-cDNA yeast library was constructed using mRNA from leaves of sweet orange trees infected with CLas bacteria. The pGBKT7-GASA4 bait vector was constructed and successfully transformed into Y2HGold yeast. In total, 12 positive clones were obtained after screening for GASA4-interacting proteins on the auxotrophic medium DDO/X/A and the chromogenic medium QDO/X/A. Plasmids from all the positive clones were extracted (Table S2 in Supplementary Material), transformed into E. coli and sequenced. The yeast two-hybrid assay showed that only two of the proteins PRPBAG6-A and CNOT3 interacted with CcGASA4 (Fig. 4a). In the BiFC assay, green florescence signals were detected on cell membranes and nuclei following co-transformation of CcGASA4 with either CNOT3 or PRPBAG6-A (Fig. 4b) further verifying the interactions of CcGASA4 with PRPBAG6-A and with CNOT3. To investigate if the cysteine residues participate in the interactions of CcGASA4 with PRPBAG6-A and CNOT3, three CcGASA4 constructs, each containing 3–4 cysteine to alanine (C → A) mutations (Fig. 1d) were made and subjected to yeast two-hybrid assay. As shown in Fig. 4a, these mutants were still capable of interacting with PRPBAG6-A but not with CNOT3. We previously found that a GASA4-like protein gene (Cit.11064.1.S1_at) was highly up-regulated by CTV-infection in **cheng (Zhang 2010). In this study, we isolated, sequenced and characterized the gene designated as CcGASA4. We showed that the gene was responsive to biotic and abiotic stresses and stress-related hormones in citrus, and demonstrated that the protein interacted with PRPBAG6-A and CNOT3 and that its interaction with CNOT3 was associated with cysteine residues. Results showed that CcGASA4 was localized to the plasma membrane and the nuclei. GASA genes are responsive to GAs (Sun et al. 2013). Although the basal GASA4/GUS activity was only slightly enhanced in root and flower meristems of the wild type Arabidopsis by the GA treatment, the GA-dependent expression of GASA4 was evident in GA-deficient mutants (Aubert et al. 1998). Our study demonstrated that CcGASA4 was up-regulated in flowers and leaves of citrus by an exogenous GA treatment, indicating that CcGASA4 is also GA-responsive. The involvement of GA in flowering has been well documented in higher plants. That the CcGASA4 expression was much higher in flowers than in other organs may signify its importance in flower development. GASA6, a GASA4 homolog in Arabidopsis was reported to affect flowering time as indicated by the GASA6 over-expression plants being early-flowering and the gasa4/gasa6 double mutants being late-flowering (Qu et al. 2016). The presence of multiple stress-responsive elements in CcGASA4′s promoter suggests it may be a stress-responsive gene. Treatments with the stress-related hormones SA and ABA, as well as wounding, up-regulated CcGASA4 in Citrus. Similarly, the rice GAST family gene OsGASR1 was induced by salt and ABA treatments, and over-expressing OsGASR1 enhanced salt tolerance (Lee et al. 2015). Its stress responsiveness may involve cysteine residues because over-expressing the GAST-like gene GIP2 reduces H2O2 levels in wound-treated petunia leaves and in osmotic stress- and ABA-treated guard cells (Wigoda et al. 2006). Rubinovich and Weiss (2010) showed that over-expressing GASA4 suppressed ROS accumulation in Arabidopsis and that the transgenic seeds were partially resistant to NO donor sodium nitroprusside. Additionally, E. coli cells expressing either an intact GASA4 or a truncated version containing only the cysteine-rich domain were resistant to sodium nitroprusside. They also showed that the gasa4 with four C → A mutations lost redox activity and GA responsiveness, suggesting that the two functions are interlinked. We showed that the citrus GASA4 gene was induced by CTV infection. This is the first report, to our knowledge, that GASA4 is also responsive to viral infection. The potato Snakin-1 has in vivo antibacterial activity (Segura et al. 1999), and Snakin-2 has both anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities (Berrocal-Lobo et al. 2002). The pepper CaSn protein has an anti-nematode activity (Mao et al. 2011). A compound protein containing a French bean Snakin-2-like protein has antimicrobial activity (Bindschedler et al. 2006). Two CcGASA4-binding proteins, PRPBAG6-A and CNOT3, were identified in this study (Fig. 4b). The French bean Snakin-2-like protein can form a two-component protein complex with a PRP to bind the pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Bindschedler et al. 2006). We, therefore, hypothesize that the interaction between CcGASA4 and PRPBAG6-A, also a PRP, may be similarly involved in defense in Citrus. CNOT3 is a component of the CCR4–NOT complex, an essential and conserved multi-subunit complex that plays multiple roles, including suppressing tumors in drosophila and in humans, maintaining self-renewal program in ES cells, and regulating RNA turnover and transcription termination (Vicente et al. 2018; Martufi 2014). Because CNOT3 interacts with Nucleolin and Histone H1 (Martufi 2014), GASA4′s nuclear localization and its interaction with CNOT3 may signify its potential role in chromatin organization. Cysteine is required for the formation of disulfide bonds inside a single peptide or between different subunits of a compound protein, and thus, it plays an important role in stabilizing the protein’s spatial conformation. The 12 conserved cysteine residues present in all the GASA proteins, including the citrus CcGASA4, can theoretically form 5 to 6 disulfide bonds (Ben-Nissan et al. 2004). Although the replacement of cysteine residues with alanines impaired the protein’s GA responses and redox activity (Rubinovich and Weiss 2010), no reports have demonstrated roles for cysteine residues in the interactions between GASA4 and other proteins. In this study, we showed that the interaction between the C → A mutated gasa4 protein and CNOT3 was totally abolished but not the interaction between gasa4 and PRPBAG6-A. This may indicate that the interaction between GASA4 and CNOT3 requires correctly-folded GASA4, which requires disulfide bonds, whereas the interaction between GASA4 and PRPBAG6-A may involve only limited surface areas of GASA4. Clearly, the binding sites of GASA4 to PRPBAG6-A and CNOT3 are different. Previous reports and this study showed that GASA4 is involved not only in plant growth and development but also in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Clues to why it plays diverse roles are partially provided by this study, because it resides in different subcellular compartments, and/or it interacts with different proteins. However, the exact mechanisms are still elusive and further studies are required.Results
Features of the CcGASA4 gene and it’s deduced protein
CcGASA4 responds to stresses and hormones in Citrus leaves
CcGASA4 is highly expressed in flowers
GA, SA and ABA promote GASA4 expression in flowers
CcGASA4 localizes to the plasma membrane and nucleus
CcGASA4 interacts with two different proteins in Y2H system
Mutations in specific cysteine residues abolish CcGASA4′s interaction with CNOT3
Discussion
Conclusions
References
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2018B020202009), National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (Grant No. 3157111362), Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Programs (2019B030316005, 2017A030310281), Guangdong Provincial Special Fund For Modern Agriculture Industry Technology Innovation Teams (2019KJ108), the Natural Science Foundation of China Chongqing (cstc2018jcyjAX0384) and Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Program (2017J01615). The authors would like to thank Dr. Minlun Hu for his experimental support.
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Supplementary Fig. S1—Creation of cysteine-to-alanine mutations. Segment 1 was amplified using primers of GASA4-BDF and GASA4-T1R; segment 2 was amplified using primers of GASA4-T1F and GASA4-BDR; segment 3 was amplified using primers of GASA4-BDF and GASA4-T2R; segment 4 was amplified using primers of GASA4-T2F and GASA4-BDR; and segment 5 was amplified using primers of GASA4-BDF and GASA4-T3R1. Mutant 1 was generated using fragments 1 and 2 as templates with GASA4BDF and GASA4BDR as primers; mutant 2 was created using fragments 3 and 4 as templates with GASA4-BDF and GASA4-BDR as primers; and mutant 3 was created using fragment 5 as the template with GASA4-BDF and GASA4-T3R2 as primers(JPG 1127 kb)
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Supplementary Fig. S3—Analysis of cis-acting elements in the CcGASA4 promoter sequence. The underlined sequences represent the different cis-acting elements that are marked by their names. GARE, ABRE, WBox, GT1- Box, MBS and AFR are cis-acting elements responsive to gibberellin, abscisic acid, salicylic acid and wounding signals, pathogen invasion and salt, drought and auxin-related stresses, respectively. AGAAA is a pollen-specific activation element. (JPG 1672 kb)
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Wu, T., Cheng, C., Zhong, Y. et al. Molecular characterization of the gibberellin-stimulated transcript of GASA4 in Citrus. Plant Growth Regul 91, 89–99 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-020-00589-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-020-00589-1