SpringerLink
Log in

Cytological mechanism of 2n pollen formation in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. ‘Linglingzao’)

  • Published:
Euphytica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In order to elucidate the cytological mechanism of 2n pollen formation in Chinese jujube, a cultivar named ‘Linglingzao’ (2n = 2x = 24) which produces relative more 2n pollens naturally was employed for microsporogenesis analysis. Chromosomes paired in 12 bivalents at diakinesis and the first meiotic division was normal, whereas, the second division was characterized by frequent abnormal spindle orientation (parallel and tripolar spindles). Perpendicular, tripolar, and parallel spindles at metaphase II accounted for 72.93, 17.22, and 9.85% respectively. Perpendicular and tripolar spindles led to tetrads and triads formation respectively. Two types of parallel spindles were observed and a significant association correlation (r = 0.84, P < 0.05) between parallel spindle II (fused spindles) and dyads was found which meant only fused spindles can form dyads, while parallel spindle I with a long distance between two sets of chromosomes seemed to lead tetrad formation. At tetrad stage, the observed frequencies of tetrads, triads and dyads were 80.99, 16.40, and 2.61% respectively. By the rule that each tetrad can form four n pollens, each triad can form one 2n pollen and two n pollens, each dyad can form two 2n pollens, the frequency of 2n pollen estimated was 5.71%. Based on the pollen diameter difference between n and 2n pollens, frequency of 2n pollen observed was 6.15%. No significant difference was observed between frequency of 2n pollen estimated and that of observed. The results indicated that, tripolar spindles and fused spindles at metaphase II followed by more triads and few dyads formation at tetrad stage were responsible for the production of 2n pollen in Chinese jujube. 2n gametes observed correspond to first division restitution. Research on the cytological mechanism of unreduced pollen will provide a platform for unreduced pollen induction and polyploidy breeding in Chinese jujube.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akutsu M, Kitamura S, Toda R, Miyajima I, Okazaki K (2007) Production of 2n pollen of Asiatic hybrid lilies by nitrous oxide treatment. Euphytica 155:143–152. doi:10.1007/s10681-006-9317-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barba-Gonzalez R, Lokker AC, Lim KB, Ramanna MS, Van Tuyl JM (2004) Use of 2n gametes for the production of sexual polyploids from sterile Oriental × Asiatic hybrids of lilies (Lilium). Theor Appl Genet 109:1125–1132. doi:10.1007/s00122-004-1739-0

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barba-Gonzalez R, Lim KB, Ramanna MS, Visser RGF, Van Tuyl JM (2005) Occurrence of 2n gametes in the F1 hybrids of Oriental × Asiatic lilies (Lilium): relevance to intergenomic recombination and backcrossing. Euphytica 143:67–73. doi:10.1007/s10681-005-2657-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bretagnolle F, Thompson JD (1995) Gametes with the somatic chromosome number: mechanisms of their formation and role in the evolution of autopolyploid plants. New Phytol 129:1–22. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb03005.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calderini O, Mariani A (1997) Increasing 2n gamete production of diploid alfafa by cycles of phenotypic recurrent selection. Euphytica 93:113–118. doi:10.1023/A:1002978405500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camadro EL, Peloquin SJ (1980) The occurrence and frequency of 2n pollen in three diploid solanums from northwest Argentina. Theor Appl Genet 56:11–15. doi:10.1007/BF00264421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camadro EL, Saffarano SK, Espinillo JC, Castro M, Simon PW (2008) Cytological mechanisms of 2n pollen formation in the wild potato Solanum okadae and pollen–pistil relations with the cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum. Genet Resour Crop Evol 55:471–477. doi:10.1007/s10722-007-9254-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carputo D, Barone A (2005) Ploidy level manipulations in potato through sexual hybridisation. Ann Appl Biol 146:71–79. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2005.04070.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carputo D, Frusciante L, Peloquin SJ (2003) The role of 2n gametes and endosperm balance number in the origin and evolution of polyploids in the tuber-bearing solanums. Genetics 163:287–294

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crespel L, Gudin S, Meynet J, Zhang D (2002) AFLP-based estimation of 2n gametophytic heterozygosity in two parthenogenetically derived dihaploids of Rosa hybrida L. Theor Appl Genet 104:451–456. doi:10.1007/s001220100695

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crespel L, Ricci SC, Gudin S (2006) The production of 2n pollen in rose. Euphytica 151:155–164. doi:10.1007/s10681-006-9136-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • d’Erfurth I, Jolivet S, Froger N, Catrice O, Novatchkova M, Simon M et al (2008) Mutations in AtPS1 (Arabidopsis thaliana Parallel Spindle 1) lead to the production of diploid pollen grains. PLoS Genet 4(11):1000274. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewitte A, Eeckhaut T, Van Huylenbroeck J, Van Bockstaele E (2009) Occurrence of viable unreduced pollen in a Begonia collection. Euphytica 168:81–94. doi:10.1007/s10681-009-9891-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewitte A, Eeckhaut T, Van Huylenbroeck J, Van Bockstaele E (2010a) Induction of 2n pollen formation in Begonia by trifluralin and N2O treatments. Euphytica 171:283–293. doi:10.1007/s10681-009-0060-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewitte A, Eeckhaut T, Van Huylenbroeck J, Van Bockstaele E (2010b) Meiotic aberrations during 2n pollen formation in Begonia. Heredity 104:215–223. doi:10.1038/hdy.2009.111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El Mokadem H, Crespel L, Meynet J, Gudin S (2002) The occurrence of 2n-pollen and the origin of sexual polyploids in dihaploid roses (Rosa hybrida L.). Euphytica 125:169–177. doi:10.1023/A:1015830803459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallo PH, Micheletti PL, Boldrini KR, Risso-Pascotto C, Pagliarini MS, do Valle CB (2007) 2n Gamete formation in the genus Brachiaria (Poaceae:Paniceae). Euphytica 154:255–260. doi:10.1007/s10681-006-9294-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geraci G, Esen A, Soost RK (1975) Triploid progenies from 2x × 2x cross of Citrus cultivars. J Hered 66:177–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Hancock JF (1997) The colchicine story. HortScience 32:1011–1012

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlan JR, De Wet JMJ (1975) On Ö Winge and a prayer: the origins of polyploidy. Bot Rev 41:361–390. doi:10.1007/BF02860830

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi M, Kato J, Ohashi H, Mii M (2009) Unreduced 3x gamete formation of allotriploid hybrid derived from the cross of Primula denticulata (4x) × P. rosea (2x) as a causal factor for producing pentaploid hybrids in the backcross with pollen of tetraploid P. denticulata. Euphytica 169:123–131. doi:10.1007/s10681-009-9955-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jauhar PP (2003) Formation of 2n gametes in durum wheat haploids: sexual polyploidization. Euphytica 133:81–94. doi:10.1023/A:1025692422665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston SA, den Nijs TPM, Hanneman RE Jr, Peloquin SJ (1980) The significance of genic balance to endosperm development in interspecific crosses. Theor Appl Genet 57:5–9. doi:10.1007/BF00276002

    Google Scholar 

  • Katsiotis A, Forsberg RA (1995) Discovery of 2n gametes in tetraploid oat Avena vaviloviana. Euphytica 81:1–6. doi:10.1007/BF00022452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyrene PM, Vorsa N, Ballington JR (2003) Polyploidy and sexual polyploidization in the genus Vaccinium. Euphytica 133:27–36. doi:10.1023/A:1025608408727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pagliarini MS, Takayama SY, de Freitas PM, Carraro LR, Admowski EV, Silva N, Batista LAR (1999) Failure of cytokinesis and 2n gamete formation in Brazilian accessions of Paspalum. Euphytica 108:129–135. doi:10.1023/A:1003660327223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peloquin SJ, Boiteux LS, Simon PW, Jansky SH (2008) A chromosome-specific estimate of transmission of heterozygosity by 2n gametes in potato. J Hered 99:177–181. doi:10.1093/jhered/esm110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng B (2008) Study on 2n pollen in Chinese jujube. Dissertation, Agricultural University of Hebei

  • Ramanna MS (1979) A re-examination of the mechanisms of 2n gamete formation in potato and its implications for breeding. Euphytica 28:537–561. doi:10.1007/BF00038921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramanna MS (1983) First division restitution gametes through fertile desynaptic mutants of potato. Euphytica 32:337–350. doi:10.1007/BF00021442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramanna MS, Kuipers AGJ, Jacobsen E (2003) Occurrence of numerically unreduced (2n) gametes in Alstroemeria interspecific hybrids and their significance for sexual polyploidisation. Euphytica 133:95–106. doi:10.1023/A:1025652808553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura A, Ohkuma T, Choi YA, Tao R, Tamura M (2000) Production of nonaploid (2n = 9x) Japanese persimmons (Diospyros kaki) by pollination with unreduced (2n = 6x) pollen and embryo rescue culture. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 125(5):609–614

    Google Scholar 

  • Taschetto OM, Pagliarini MS (2003) Occurrence of 2n and jumbo pollen in the Brazilian ginseng (Pfaffia glomerata and P. tuberosa). Euphytica 133:139–145. doi:10.1023/A:1025683511162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tavoletti S, Mariani A, Veronesi F (1991) Cytological analysis of macro- and micro-sporogenesis of a diploid alfalfa clone producing male and female 2n gamete. Crop Sci 31:1258–1263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tavoletti S, Pesaresi P, Barcaccia G, Albertini E, Veronesi F (2000) Map** the jp (jumbo pollen) gene and QTLs involved in multinucleate microspore formation in diploid alfalfa. Theor Appl Genet 101:372–378. doi:10.1007/s001220051493

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ton PM, Nijs D, Peloquin SJ (1977) Polyploid evolution via 2n gametes. Am Potato J 54:377–386. doi:10.1007/BF02852758

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Laere K, Leus L, Van Huylenbroeck J, Van Bockstaele E (2009) Interspecific hybridisation and genome size analysis in Buddleja. Euphytica 166:445–456. doi:10.1007/s10681-008-9844-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Tuyl JM, Lim KB (2003) Interspecific hybridisation and polyploidisation as tools in ornamental plant breeding. Acta Hortic 612:13–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Veilleux R (1985) Diploid and polyploid gametes in crop plants: mechanisms of formation and utilization in plant breeding. Plant Breed Rev 3:253–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Veilleux RE, McHale NA, Lauer FI (1982) 2n gametes in diploid Solanum: frequency and types of spindle abnormalities. Genome 24:301–314. doi:10.1139/g82-032

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan Y, Duncan DR, Rayburn AL, Petolino JF, Widholm JM (1991) The use of antimicrotubule herbicides for the production of doubled haploid plants from anther-derived maize callus. Theor Appl Genet 81:205–211. doi:10.1007/BF00215724

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu LQ, Zhang QL, Luo ZR (2008) Occurrence and cytological mechanism of 2n pollen formation in Chinese Diospyros spp. (Ebenaceae) staminate germplasm. J Hortic Sci Biotech 83(5):668–672

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanagi T, Hummer KE, Iwata T, Sone K, Nathewet P, Takamura T (2010) Aneuploid strawberry (2n = 8x + 2 = 58) was developed from homozygous unreduced gamete (8x) produced by second division restitution in pollen. Sci Hortic 125:123–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang ZH, Kang XY (2010) Cytological characteristics of numerically unreduced pollen production in Populus tomentosa Carr. Euphytica 173:151–159. doi:10.1007/s10681-009-0051-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang JF, Wei ZZ, Li D, Li BL (2009) Using SSR markers to study the mechanism of 2n pollen formation in Populus × euramericana (Dode) Guinier and P. × popularis. Ann For Sci 66:506. doi:10.1051/forest/2009032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou SJ, Ramanna MS, Visser RGF, van Tuyl JM (2008) Analysis of the meiosis in the F1 hybrids of Longiflorum × Asiatic (LA) of lilies (Lilium) using genomic in situ hybridization. J Genet Genomics 35:687–695. doi:10.1016/S1673-8527(08)60091-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors want to thank the National Key Technology R&D Program (2007BAD36B07, 2008BAD92B03), the Provincial Natural Science Fund of Hebei (C2007000452) and Agricultural Scientific Research Achievement Transformation Program (2010GB2A200027) for financial assistance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center of Chinese Jujube, College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, No. 289, Lingyusi Road, Baoding, 071001, People’s Republic of China

    Zhihui Xue, ** Liu & Mengjun Liu

Authors
  1. Zhihui Xue
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. ** Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mengjun Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mengjun Liu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Xue, Z., Liu, P. & Liu, M. Cytological mechanism of 2n pollen formation in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. ‘Linglingzao’). Euphytica 182, 231–238 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-011-0461-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-011-0461-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation