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Remote sensing-based assessment of Coastal Regulation Zones in India: a case study of Mumbai, India

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Abstract

Coastal pollution and encroachment in India are ever-growing issues, for which the Indian government drafted coastal regulation notifications for better management. However, many violations have occurred but not documented due to paucity in data. In recent decades, remote sensing tools are widely used to estimate encroachment and violations, where such official data are not available. This study uses satellite imagery to estimate violations that have occurred in the years 2002, 2008, 2014 and 2019, along the coastal regions of Maharashtra, India. Spatiotemporal variations in violations were assessed and classified into four violation classes:  < 25%, 25–50%, 50–75% and  > 75%. Over the study period, violations in the class > 75% increased by 110% while violations in the < 25% class decreased by 10%, indicating not a reduction in low violations, but a significant conversion of low to maximum violation scenarios. Particularly, metropolitan areas like Mumbai had higher violations when compared to other areas. Reasons for these violations include increased urbanization and regional occupations like fishing. This study has provided information on hotspots of violation areas that could help reformulate, execute and inspect the coastal regulations.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India, and Wesleyan University, USA, for providing an internship platform for this work to be conducted. The authors would like to thank the Center for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas of the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay and the Rural Data Research and Analysis (RuDRA), for providing infrastructure to conduct this research. The authors sincerely acknowledge the Free and Open Source Software for Education (FOSSEE), from IITB, for providing training on QGIS. The authors also acknowledge the funding from the Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD), Government of India, through the FOSSEE and Spoken Tutorial program and also thank Prof. Kannan Moudgalaya and his team for leading these programs and for providing constant support.

Funding

Funding was provided by Ministry of Human Resource Development (IN) (Grant No. FOSSEE 2020).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, India

    Pennan Chinnasamy

  2. Rural Data Research and Analysis (RuDRA) Lab, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, India

    Pennan Chinnasamy

  3. Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA

    Aashni Parikh

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  1. Pennan Chinnasamy
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Correspondence to Pennan Chinnasamy.

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Chinnasamy, P., Parikh, A. Remote sensing-based assessment of Coastal Regulation Zones in India: a case study of Mumbai, India. Environ Dev Sustain 23, 7931–7950 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00955-z

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