SpringerLink
Log in

Spatial distribution of physicochemical-bacteriological parametric quality and water quality index of Gomti River, India

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Surface water bodies are vital source of water for human consumption, domestic needs, agriculture, industrial activities, and also for aquatic life and ecosystems. In this study, a stretch of river Gomti was studied at 5 sites in Lucknow for two consecutive seasons during 2019. The physicochemical-bacteriological parameters of water and sediment samples were analyzed, followed by multivariate statistics. Mean values of pH, turbidity, EC, TS, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, and fluoride during the pre-monsoon period were 7.4 ± 0.2, 5.2 ± 3.3 (NTU), 444.4 ± 97.4 (µS/cm), 274.6 ± 61.6, 254.3 ± 50.2, 21.9 ± 11, 5.4 ± 1.6, 10.2 ± 5.9, 31.2 ± 13.3, 1.2 ± 0.5, 1.7 ± 1.1, 25.9 ± 3.7, 204 ± 41.8, 146.2 ± 11.5, 15.5 ± 8.7, and 0.5 ± 0.1 mg/l, respectively. The corresponding values during the post-monsoon season were 7.5 ± 0.2, 5.5 ± 3.2 (NTU), 436 ± 75.1 (µS/cm), 273.7 ± 124.2, 209.7 ± 82.5, 63.9 ± 43.4, 5.6 ± 1.6, 15.8 ± 8.9, 39.2 ± 23.5, 5.4 ± 4.6, 1.4 ± 0.9, 25.5 ± 5, 199.2 ± 36.6, 134 ± 8.6, 20.2 ± 8.9, and 1.7 ± 0.2 mg/l, respectively. Concentration of pollutants significantly increased by 5–15% from sampling station S1 (upstream) to S5 (downstream). Enumerations of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli bacteria were low at S1 but significantly higher at the S5 site. WQI ranged from 88 to 345 during pre-monsoon and 159 to 422 during post-monsoon period, indicating poor water quality which was unsuitable for drinking purposes. Strong positive correlations (≥ 0.9) were observed among pH, chloride, phosphate, sulfate, turbidity, conductivity, TS, TDS, BOD, and COD for water samples during both seasons. The data reveals that pollution load increases gradually from upstream to downstream due to the increasing discharge of raw sewage. Regulatory bodies should formulate strict regulations and ensure their implementation for the protection and management of river water quality.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (France)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

All the data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this publishing article or supplementary information files.

References

  • American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control Federation, & Water Environment Federation. (2017). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (Vol. 23), American Public Health Association.

  • Balha, A., & Singh, C. K. (2018). Urban growth and management in Lucknow City, the capital of Uttar Pradesh. Geospatial Applications for Natural Resources Management pp. 109–122. CRC Press.

  • Bao, L. L., Chen, Y. J., & Wang, X. Y. (2015). Ecological characteristics of nitrogen cycling microbes in river sediments. Microbiology China, 42(6), 1141–1150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bora, M., & Goswami, D. C. (2017). Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index (WQI): Case study of the Kolong River, Assam, India. Applied Water Science, 7(6), 3125–3135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0451-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chakravarty, T., & Gupta, S. (2021). Assessment of water quality of a hilly river of south Assam, north east India using water quality index and multivariate statistical analysis. Environmental Challenges, 5, 100392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100392

  • Chandra, R., Singh, S., & Raj, A. (2006). Seasonal bacteriological analysis of Gola river water contaminated with pulp paper mill waste in Uttaranchal, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 118(1–3), 393–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-1508-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y. P., Fu, B. J., Zhao, Y., Wang, K. B., Zhao, M. M., Ma, J. F., & Wang, H. (2020). Sustainable development in the Yellow River Basin: Issues and strategies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, 121223.

  • Dhananjay, K., Anjali, V., & Namita, D. (2013). Water quality assessment of river Gomti in Lucknow. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, 3(3), 337–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ejoh, A. S., Unuakpa, B. A., Ibadin, F. H., & Edeki, S. O. (2018). Dataset on the assessment of water quality and water quality index of Ubogo and Egini rivers, Udu LGA, Delta State Nigeria. Data in Brief, 19, 1716–1726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.06.053

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godha, K. R. (2018). Land and infrastructure development in peri-urban areas: Case study of Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, India. Urban agglomeration, 279–288.

  • Gupta, N., Pandey, P., & Hussain, J. (2017). Effect of physicochemical and biological parameters on the quality of river water of Narmada, Madhya Pradesh, India. Water Science, 31(1), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2017.03.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haque, M. A., Jewel, M. A. S., & Sultana, M. P. (2019). Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological parameters in surface water of Padma River. Bangladesh. Applied Water Science, 9(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0885-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horton, R. K. (1965). An index number system for rating water quality. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 37(3), 300–306.

  • India, P. (2011). Census of India 2011 provisional population totals. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner.

  • Islam, M. M., Iqbal, M. S., Leemans, R., & Hofstra, N. (2018). Modelling the impact of future socio-economic and climate change scenarios on river microbial water quality. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 221(2), 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.11.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IS10500, B. I. S. (2012). Indian standard drinking water–specification (second revision). Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), New Delhi.

  • Jiang, J., Tang, S., Han, D., Fu, G., Solomatine, D., & Zheng, Y. (2020). A comprehensive review on the design and optimization of surface water quality monitoring networks Environmental Modelling & Software, 104792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104792

  • Kumar, A., & Bahadur, Y. (2013). Water quality of river kosi and rajera system at Rampur (India): impact assessment. Journal of Chemistry, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/618612

  • Kumar, A., & Dua, A. (2009). Water quality index for assessment of water quality of river Ravi at Madhopur (India). Global Journal of Environmental sciences, 8(1).

  • Kumar, P. (2018). Simulation of Gomti River (Lucknow City, India) future water quality under different mitigation strategies. Heliyon, 4(12), e01074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V., Sahu, P., & Singh, P. K. (2020). Multivariate statistical approach for the analysis of organic and inorganic pollutants loads in Gomti River at Lucknow City. International Journal of Environmental Research, 14(6), 653–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-020-00290-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • López-Abbate, M. C., Molinero, J. C., de Cao, M. B., Silva, R., Negri, R., Guinder, V. A., & Hoffmeyer, M. S. (2019). Eutrophication disrupts summer trophic links in an estuarine microbial food web. Food Webs, 20, e00121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2019.e00121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malik, A., Verma, P., Singh, A. K., & Singh, K. P. (2011). Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and bed sediments of the Gomti River, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 172(1), 529–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1352-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matta, G., Nayak, A., Kumar, A., & Kumar, P. (2020). Water quality assessment using NSFWQI, OIP and multivariate techniques of Ganga River system, Uttarakhand, India. Applied Water Science, 10(9), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01288-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melliawati, R. (2009). Escherichia coli in human life. StafPenelitibioteknologiLIPI

  • Mishra, S. P. (2017). Physico-chemical and bacteriological investigation of the river Gomti at district Sultanpur. International Journal of Materials Science, 12(1), 53–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayak, J. G., Patil, L. G., & Patki, V. K. (2020). Development of water quality index for Godavari River (India) based on fuzzy inference system. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 10, 100350.

  • Pant, R. R., Zhang, F., Rehman, F. U., Wang, G., Ye, M., Zeng, C., & Tang, H. (2018). Spatiotemporal variations of hydro-geochemistry and its controlling factors in the Gandaki River Basin. Central Himalaya Nepal Science of the Total Environment, 622, 770–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.063

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parveen, N., & Singh, S. K. (2016). Development of enhanced DO model for Gomti river at Lucknow stretch, India. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 7(2), 146–163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Priya, T. D., & Vidya, A. K. (2019). Evaluation of water quality index using physico-chemical parameters of treated domestic sewage water. Research Journal of Life Sciences, Bioinformatics, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences 5(2), 98–112. https://doi.org/10.26479/2019.0502.08

  • Pujar, P. M., Kenchannavar, H. H., Kulkarni, R. M., & Kulkarni, U. P. (2020). Real-time water quality monitoring through internet of things and ANOVA-based analysis: A case study on river Krishna. Applied Water Science, 10(1), 22, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1111-9

  • Rajkumar, B., & Sharma, G. D. (2013). Seasonal bacteriological analysis of Barak River, Assam, India. Applied Water Science, 3(3), 625–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0120-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rizvi, N., Katyali, D., & Joshi, V. (2016). Seasonal and spatial variation in the water quality of river Hindon at NCR India. International Journal of Current Research, 8(05), 31282–31289.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rolle, K., Huang, W., Clark, C., & Johnson, E. (2019). Effects of nutrient load from St. Jones River on water quality and eutrophication in Lake George, Florida. Limnologica, 125687.

  • Sahu, P., Kisku, G. C., Singh, P. K., Kumar, V., Kumar, P., & Shukla, N. (2018). Multivariate statistical interpretation on seasonal variations of fluoride-contaminated groundwater quality of Lalganj Tehsil, Raebareli District (UP). India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(13), 484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7658-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarif, M. O., & Gupta, R. D. (2020). Change assessment of spatio-temporal dynamics of land use/land cover using remote sensing and GIS: A case study of Lucknow city (1993–2019). Indian Cartographer. Organising Committee, 39th INCA International Congress, Survey of India, Hathibarkala, Dehradun-248001, Dehradun.

  • Shah, K. A., & Joshi, G. S. (2017). Evaluation of water quality index for river Sabarmati, Gujarat, India. Applied Water Science, 7(3), 1349–1358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0318-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shil, S., Singh, U. K., & Mehta, P. (2019). Water quality assessment of a tropical river using water quality index (WQI), multivariate statistical techniques and GIS. Applied Water Science, 9(168), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1045-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shivani, S., Anukool, S., Negi, M. P. S., & Tandon, P. K. (2011). Evaluation of effect of drains on water quality of river Gomti in Lucknow city using multivariate statistical techniques. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2(1), 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shivayogimath, C. B., Kalburgi, P. B., Deshannavar, U. B., & Virupakshaiah, D. B. M. (2012). Water quality evaluation of River Ghataprabha, India. International Research Journal of Environmental Science, 1(1), 12–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shukla, A. K., Ojha, C. S. P., & Garg, R. D. (2017). Surface water quality assessment of Ganga River Basin, India using index map**. 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) (pp. 5609–5612). IEEE.

  • Singh, K. V., Singh, P. K., & Mohan, D. (2005). Status of heavy metals in water and bed sediments of river Gomti- A tributary of the Ganga river, India. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 105, 43–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-2816-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, P. K., & Singh, A. K. (2014). Assessment of the microbiological quality of the river Gomati at Jaunpur (UP) India. International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research, 4(4), 11–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, V. P., Raghuvanshi, A. S., Singh, P., Singh, S. K., & Singh, A. K. (2016). Assessment of water quality in the river gomati at Jaunpur (UP), India. Annals of Plant Sciences, 5(3), 1312–1317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, S. C., Verma, P., Verma, A. K., & Tripathi, M. (2015). Study on water quality index from Gomti river stretch at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. International Journal of Applied and Universal Research, 2(4), 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian, Y., Jiang, Y., Liu, Q., Dong, M., Xu, D., Liu, Y., & Xu, X. (2019). Using a water quality index to assess the water quality of the upper and middle streams of the Luanhe River, northern China. Science of the Total Environment, 667, 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari, M., & Kisku, G. C. (2016). Impact assessment of Gomti river water quality after immersion of idols during DurgaUtsav. Biochem Anal Biochem, 5(287), 2161–1009. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1009.1000287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi, K., & Sharma, A. K. (2011). Seasonal variation in bacterial contamination of water sources with antibiotic resistant faecal coliforms in relation to pollution. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 3(2), 298-302. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v3i2.202

  • Wang, J., Liu, G., Liu, H., & Lam, P. K. (2017). Multivariate statistical evaluation of dissolved trace elements and a water quality assessment in the middle reaches of Huaihe River, Anhui, China. Science of the Total Environment, 583, 421–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.088

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2021). Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2020: five years into the SDGs.

Download references

Acknowledgements

University Grant Commission (UGC) Delhi, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad, and CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow are greatly acknowledged for the intellectual development to carry out the research work. SPSS software tool of DSIR-CRTDH has been used for the Statistical analysis of the data. The authors expressed their gratitude to N. Sudarshan, National Institute of Hydrology (NIH) Roorkee for his support in the preparation of Geo-referenced area maps for the present work. This manuscript number is IITR/SEC/2021-2022/04 (CSIR-IITR, manuscript communication record).

Funding

This work was financially supported by NETJRF fellowship program of University Grand Commission (UGC), Delhi.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Monitoring Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, UP, India

    Ankit Kumar, Sreekanth Bojjagani & Ganesh Chandra Kisku

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

    Ankit Kumar, Sreekanth Bojjagani, Annapurna Maurya & Ganesh Chandra Kisku

  3. Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31-Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, UP, India

    Annapurna Maurya

Authors
  1. Ankit Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sreekanth Bojjagani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Annapurna Maurya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ganesh Chandra Kisku
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All the authors have substantially and significantly contributed to this manuscript. G. C. Kisku has planned/designed the study and finalized this manuscript for submission. A. Kumar collected and analyzed water and sediment samples and wrote this manuscript. B. Sreekanth conducted a statistical analysis of data for correlation analysis, calculated the WQI and proofread of manuscript. A. Maurya established the microbiological examination of water samples.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ganesh Chandra Kisku.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kumar, A., Bojjagani, S., Maurya, A. et al. Spatial distribution of physicochemical-bacteriological parametric quality and water quality index of Gomti River, India. Environ Monit Assess 194, 159 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09814-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09814-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation