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Water temperature predicts razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus spawning migrations

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Abstract

Riverine fishes often rely on environmental cues to initiate spawning or movement to spawning habitats. Knowledge of the relationships between life history strategies and the environment is a valuable tool in planning conservation and restoration techniques. Despite intensive management efforts, federally endangered razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus have experienced drastic population declines and continue to experience reproductive and recruitment bottlenecks. Although previous studies suggested razorback suckers spawn during increasing spring flow, little is known about the abiotic cues that influence putative spawning movements. Because photoperiod, water temperature, and flow may affect spawning and movement behavior, we hypothesized one or more of these variables would predict the timing of razorback sucker movements during the spawning season. We tested the association between environmental factors and the timing of razorback sucker occurrences at two barriers to upstream movement in the San Juan River over 7 years (2015–2021). To test the most parsimonious model, we examined the timing of razorback sucker occurrence at a third barrier in the Green River from 2017 through 2019, and in 2021. Although environmental variables are often correlated, we tested several years where water temperature and flow were asynchronous, allowing us to partition effects of these variables. Our results indicated strong associations between putative razorback sucker spawning migrations and mean weekly water temperature, where the largest proportions of fish aggregate below barriers as water temperature was increasing between 7.8 and 13.4 °C (pseudo R2 = 0.21). We provide a temperature-based model to predict spawning migration timing at selective passage facilities, which might aid in efforts to increase reproductive potential of razorback suckers by allowing mature adults access to upstream spawning habitats. Understanding the relationships that influence reproductive ecology is critical to catostomid conservation, and the environmental cues tested here for razorback sucker may be generally relevant to other migratory suckers.

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Data availability

All the data used here are presented in the text, tables, and figures. Raw data are made available through the Species Tagging Research and Monitoring System (STReaMS) database at https://streamsystem.org.

Code availability

Code is available upon request from the author.

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Acknowledgements

We thank everyone involved in PIT antenna installation and tag management in the San Juan River and Green River, as well as facilitating discussion. Specifically, we thank Z. Ahrens, S. Bonjour, J. Bowman, C. Cathcart, C. Cheek, S. Durst, N. Franssen, B. Hines, I. MacKinnon, P. MacKinnon, and T. K. Yazzie. We thank N. Franssen and anonymous reviewers for providing comments and improving the manuscript. Additionally, we thank the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program, San Juan River Basin Recovery Implementation Program, and the Colorado Natural Heritage Program for managing and providing access to the STReaMS database.

Funding

This work was funded by the Bureau of Reclamation through the San Juan River Basin Recovery Implementation Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA

    Matthew R. Bogaard & Keith B. Gido

  2. Fish Program, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1111 Washington Street SE, Olympia, WA, 98501, USA

    Matthew R. Bogaard

  3. Upper Colorado Regional Office, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Salt Lake City, UT, 84138, USA

    Mark C. McKinstry

  4. Department of Watershed Sciences and The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA

    Casey A. Pennock

  5. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University and Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA

    Casey A. Pennock

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Publication of this work has been approved by all coauthors, as well as tacitly by the responsible authorities where the work has been carried out. All coauthors had substantial contributions to study design, acquisition of data, analysis, and drafting or revising the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Matthew R. Bogaard.

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Ethics approval

All fish sampling and tagging protocols were conducted under the approval of the Kansas State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (protocol number: 4494). Fish sampling and land access was permitted by Navajo Nation (permit number: 1244), and the State of Utah and US Fish and Wildlife Service (permit number: TE067729-6).

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An earlier version of this study was previously presented at the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program and San Juan River Basin Recovery Implementation Program Annual Researchers Meeting, January 25, 2022.

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Bogaard, M.R., Gido, K.B., McKinstry, M.C. et al. Water temperature predicts razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus spawning migrations. Environ Biol Fish 106, 1503–1517 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-023-01424-y

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