Abstract
In the submitted research work, adsorption characteristic of magnetized Tectona grandis sawdust for methylene blue from aqueous media was explored. The prepared adsorbent was characterized by SEM/EDXS, TEM, BET, XRD, FTIR, TGA-DTG/DTA, VSM, and point of zero charge. To investigate the adsorption capacity and mechanisms prevailing for the adsorption of methylene blue, batch adsorption studies were performed by changing adsorbate/adsorbent contact time, pH, initial dye concentration, and temperature. The removal efficiency was found to be 90.8% under the optimized adsorption conditions. The optimal process parameters were 1 g/L of magnetized adsorbent, 60 min contact time, pH 8, and temperature of 30 °C for 100 mg/L MB solution. The laboratory generated adsorption data was best conformed by pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was determined to be 172.41 mg/g. The adsorption process was established to be thermodynamically feasible and accompanying with the absorption of heat and escalation of entropy. Regeneration study revealed that magnetized Tectona grandis sawdust could be reused efficaciously up to four repeated adsorption–desorption cycles using HCl as the best desorbing agent. The magnetized Tectona grandis sawdust has been proved to be novel, efficient, and cost-effective adsorbent. The combined advantages of easy preparation, good affinity towards dyes, excellent separability, reusability, and cost-effectiveness of magnetized Tectona grandis sawdust make it a novel adsorbent.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ai L, Zhou Y, Jiang J (2011) Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by montmorillonite/CoFe2O4 composite with magnetic separation performance. Desalination 266:72–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.08.004
Ali I, Peng C, Ye T, Naz I (2018) Sorption of cationic malachite green dye on phytogenic magnetic nanoparticles functionalized by 3-marcaptopropanic acid. RSC Adv 8:8878–8897. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA00245B
Altıntıg E, Altundag H, Tuzen M, Sarı A (2017) Effective removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using magnetic loaded activated carbon as novel adsorbent. Chem Eng Res Des 122:151–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2017.03.035
Angelova R, Baldikova E, Pospiskova K et al (2016) Magnetically modified Sargassum horneri biomass as an adsorbent for organic dye removal. J Clean Prod 137:189–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.068
Bahnemann D (2004) Photocatalytic water treatment: solar energy applications. Sol Energy 77:445–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2004.03.031
Baldikova E, Safarikova M, Safarik I (2015) Organic dyes removal using magnetically modified rye straw. J Magn Magn Mater 380:181–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.09.003
Barrett EP, Joyner LG, Halenda PP (1951) The determination of pore volume and area distributions in porous substances. I. Computations from nitrogen isotherms. J Am Chem Soc 73:373–380. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01145a126
Bhatnagar A, Sillanpää M, Witek-Krowiak A (2015) Agricultural waste peels as versatile biomass for water purification: a review. Chem Eng J 270:244–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.01.135
Bishnoi S, Kumar A, Selvaraj R (2018) Facile synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles using inedible Cynometra ramiflora fruit extract waste and their photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. Mater Res Bull 97:121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2017.08.040
Chakraborty S, Purkait MK, DasGupta S et al (2003) Nanofiltration of textile plant effluent for color removal and reduction in COD. Sep Purif Technol 31:141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5866(02)00177-6
Chang J, Ma J, Ma Q et al (2016) Adsorption of methylene blue onto Fe3O4/activated montmorillonite nanocomposite. Appl Clay Sci 119:132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.06.038
Chen X, Chen G, Yue PL (2002) Novel electrode system for electroflotation of wastewater. Environ Sci & Technol 36:778–783. https://doi.org/10.1021/es011003u
Cheng S, Zhang L, Ma A et al (2018) Comparison of activated carbon and iron/cerium modified activated carbon to remove methylene blue from wastewater. J Environ Sci 65:92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.12.027
Cherniwchan J (2012) Economic growth, industrialization, and the environment. Resour Energy Econ 34:442–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2012.04.004
Chizari Fard G, Mirjalili M, Najafi F (2017) Hydroxylated α-Fe2O3 nanofiber: optimization of synthesis conditions, anionic dyes adsorption kinetic, isotherm and error analysis. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 70:188–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.10.045
Cottet L, Almeida CAP, Naidek N et al (2014) Adsorption characteristics of montmorillonite clay modified with iron oxide with respect to methylene blue in aqueous media. Appl Clay Sci 95:25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.03.023
Daneshvar E, Vazirzadeh A, Niazi A et al (2017) Desorption of Methylene blue dye from brown macroalga: effects of operating parameters, isotherm study and kinetic modeling. J Clean Prod 152:443–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.119
Foo KY, Hameed BH (2010) Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chem Eng J 156:2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.09.013
Fu R, Liu Y, Lou Z et al (2016) Adsorptive removal of Pb(II) by magnetic activated carbon incorporated with amino groups from aqueous solutions. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 62:247–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.02.012
Ge H, Wang C, Liu S, Huang Z (2016) Synthesis of citric acid functionalized magnetic graphene oxide coated corn straw for methylene blue adsorption. Bioresour Technol 221:419–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.060
George G, Saravanakumar MP (2018) Facile synthesis of carbon-coated layered double hydroxide and its comparative characterisation with Zn–Al LDH: application on crystal violet and malachite green dye adsorption—isotherm, kinetics and Box-Behnken design. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:30236–30254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3001-3
Guo W, Wang S, Wang Y et al (2018) Sorptive removal of phenanthrene from aqueous solutions using magnetic and non-magnetic rice husk-derived biochars. R Soc Open Sci 5:172382. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172382
Gupta VK, Nayak A (2012) Cadmium removal and recovery from aqueous solutions by novel adsorbents prepared from orange peel and Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Chem Eng J 180:81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.11.006
Gupta VK, Ali I, Saleh TA et al (2012) Chemical treatment technologies for waste-water recycling—an overview. RSC Adv 2:6380. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra20340e
Hasan R, Chong CC, Setiabudi HD et al (2019) Process optimization of methylene blue adsorption onto eggshell–treated palm oil fuel ash. Environ Technol Innov 13:62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2018.10.004
Jafari S, Zhao F, Zhao D et al (2015) A comparative study for the removal of methylene blue dye by N and S modified TiO2 adsorbents. J Mol Liq 207:90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.03.026
Jamshaid A, Hamid A, Muhammad N et al (2017) Cellulose-based materials for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater: an overview. ChemBioEng Rev 4:240–256. https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201700002
Karimifard S, Alavi Moghaddam MR (2018) Application of response surface methodology in physicochemical removal of dyes from wastewater: a critical review. Sci Total Environ 640–641:772–797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.355
Kataria N, Garg VK (2018) Green synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles loaded sawdust carbon for cadmium(II) removal from water: regeneration and mechanism. Chemosphere 208:818–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.022
Kataria N, Garg VK (2019) Application of EDTA modified Fe3O4/sawdust carbon nanocomposites to ameliorate methylene blue and brilliant green dye laden water. Environ Res 172:43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.002
Khan TA, Nazir M (2015) Enhanced adsorptive removal of a model acid dye bromothymol blue from aqueous solution using magnetic chitosan-bamboo sawdust composite: batch and column studies. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 34:1444–1454. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12147
Leng L, Yuan X, Zeng G et al (2015) Surface characterization of rice husk bio-char produced by liquefaction and application for cationic dye (Malachite green) adsorption. Fuel 155:77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.04.019
Li C, Wang X, Meng D, Zhou L (2018a) Facile synthesis of low-cost magnetic biosorbent from peach gum polysaccharide for selective and efficient removal of cationic dyes. Int J Biol Macromol 107:1871–1878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.058
Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y et al (2018b) Reed biochar supported hydroxyapatite nanocomposite: characterization and reactivity for methylene blue removal from aqueous media. J Mol Liq 263:53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.04.132
Ma H, Li J-B, Liu W-W et al (2015) Novel synthesis of a versatile magnetic adsorbent derived from corncob for dye removal. Bioresour Technol 190:13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.048
Mane VS, Vijay Babu PV (2013) Kinetic and equilibrium studies on the removal of Congo red from aqueous solution using Eucalyptus wood (Eucalyptus globulus) saw dust. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 44:81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2012.09.013
Mashkoor F, Nasar A (2019a) Preparation, characterization and adsorption studies of the chemically modified Luffa aegyptica peel as a potential adsorbent for the removal of malachite green from aqueous solution. J Mol Liq 274:315–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.119
Mashkoor F, Nasar A (2019b) Polyaniline/Tectona grandis sawdust: a novel composite for efficient decontamination of synthetically polluted water containing crystal violet dye. Groundw Sustain Dev 8:390–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2018.12.008
Mashkoor F, Nasar A, Inamuddin AA (2018) Exploring the reusability of synthetically contaminated wastewater containing crystal violet dye using Tectona grandis sawdust as a very low-cost adsorbent. Sci Rep 8:8314. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26655-3
Mehta D, Mazumdar S, Singh SK (2015) Magnetic adsorbents for the treatment of water/wastewater—a review. J Water Process Eng 7:244–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2015.07.001
Muralikrishna IV, Manickam V (2017) Wastewater treatment technologies. In: Environmental management. Elsevier, pp 249–293
Murugesan A, Vidhyadevi T, Kalaivani SS et al (2012) Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on the removal of Zn2+ and Ni2+ from their aqueous solution using poly(phenylthiourea)imine. Chem Eng J 197:368–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.05.027
Myers RH, Montgomery DC, Anderson-Cook CM (2016) Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments, 4th edn. Wiley
Nair V, Panigrahy A, Vinu R (2014) Development of novel chitosan–lignin composites for adsorption of dyes and metal ions from wastewater. Chem Eng J 254:491–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.05.045
Nasar A, Mashkoor F (2019) Application of polyaniline-based adsorbents for dye removal from water and wastewater—a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:5333–5356
Othman NH, Alias NH, Shahruddin MZ et al (2018) Adsorption kinetics of methylene blue dyes onto magnetic graphene oxide. J Environ Chem Eng 6:2803–2811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.04.024
Qamruzzaman, Nasar A (2014) Treatment of acetamiprid insecticide from artificially contaminated water by colloidal manganese dioxide in the absence and presence of surfactants. RSC Adv 4:62844–62850. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra09685a
Qamruzzaman, Nasar A (2015) Degradation of acephate by colloidal manganese dioxide in the absence and presence of surfactants. Desalin Water Treat 55:2155–2164. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.937752
Qamruzzaman, Nasar A (2019) Degradative treatment of bispyribac sodium herbicide from synthetically contaminated water by colloidal MnO2 dioxide in the absence and presence of surfactants. Environ Technol 40:451–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1396500
Rafatullah M, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Ahmad A (2010) Adsorption of methylene blue on low-cost adsorbents: a review. J Hazard Mater 177:70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.047
Reza RA, Ahmaruzzaman M (2015) A novel synthesis of Fe2O3 @activated carbon composite and its exploitation for the elimination of carcinogenic textile dye from an aqueous phase. RSC Adv 5:10575–10586. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA13601B
Ruthiraan M, Abdullah EC, Mubarak NM, Noraini MN (2017) A promising route of magnetic based materials for removal of cadmium and methylene blue from waste water. J Environ Chem Eng 5:1447–1455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.02.038
Saleh TA, Al-Absi AA (2017) Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic evaluation of amine functionalized magnetic carbon for methyl red removal from aqueous solutions. J Mol Liq 248:577–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.10.064
Schwarzenbach RP, Egli T, Hofstetter TB et al (2010) Toxic characterization of textile dyes and effluents in relation to human health hazards. Annu Rev Environ Resour 35:109–136. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-100809-125342
Shakoor S, Nasar A (2016) Removal of methylene blue dye from artificially contaminated water using citrus limetta peel waste as a very low cost adsorbent. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 66:154–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.06.009
Shakoor S, Nasar A (2017) Adsorptive treatment of hazardous methylene blue dye from artificially contaminated water using cucumis sativus peel waste as a low-cost adsorbent. Groundw Sustain Dev 5:152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2017.06.005
Shakoor S, Nasar A (2018a) Adsorptive decontamination of synthetic wastewater containing crystal violet dye by employing Terminalia arjuna sawdust waste. Groundw Sustain Dev 7:30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2018.03.004
Shakoor S, Nasar A (2018b) Utilization of Punica granatum peel as an eco-friendly biosorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. J Appl Biotechnol Bioeng 5:242–249. https://doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2018.05.00145
Singh DK, Mohan S, Kumar V, Hasan SH (2016) Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies of adsorption behaviour of CNT/CuO nanocomposite for the removal of As(iii) and As(v) from water. RSC Adv 6:1218–1230. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA20601D
Sivashankar R, Sathya AB, Vasantharaj K, Sivasubramanian V (2014) Magnetic composite an environmental super adsorbent for dye sequestration: a review. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 1–2:36–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2014.06.001
Taha NA, El-maghraby A (2016) Cationic dye removal using prepared magnetic peanut hulls: isotherm and kinetic study. Glob NEST J 18:25–37
Tan KL, Hameed BH (2017) Insight into the adsorption kinetics models for the removal of contaminants from aqueous solutions. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 74:25–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2017.01.024
Thommes M, Kaneko K, Neimark AV et al (2015) Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC technical report). Pure Appl Chem 87:1051–1069. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-1117
Tong DS, Wu CW, Adebajo MO et al (2018) Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution onto porous cellulose-derived carbon/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Appl Clay Sci 161:256–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.02.017
Tural B, Ertaş E, Enez B et al (2017) Preparation and characterization of a novel magnetic biosorbent functionalized with biomass of Bacillus Subtilis: kinetic and isotherm studies of biosorption processes in the removal of Methylene Blue. J Environ Chem Eng 5:4795–4802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.09.019
Uddin MK (2017) A review on the adsorption of heavy metals by clay minerals, with special focus on the past decade. Chem Eng J 308:438–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.09.029
Uddin MK, Rao RAK, Chandra Mouli KVV (2018) The artificial neural network and Box-Behnken design for Cu2+ removal by the pottery sludge from water samples: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. J Mol Liq 266:617–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.06.098
Wahab MA, Jellali S, Jedidi N (2010) Ammonium biosorption onto sawdust: FTIR analysis, kinetics and adsorption isotherms modeling. Bioresour Technol 101:5070–5075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.121
Wang A, Qu J, Liu H, Ge J (2004) Degradation of azo dye Acid Red 14 in aqueous solution by electrokinetic and electrooxidation process. Chemosphere 55:1189–1196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.01.024
Wiklund MA (2010) Methylene blue, an old drug with new indications? Jurnalul Român Anestezie Ter intensivã 17:35–41
**a Y, Yao Q, Zhang W et al (2015) Comparative adsorption of methylene blue by magnetic baker’s yeast and EDTAD-modified magnetic baker’s yeast: equilibrium and kinetic study. Arab J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.03.010
Yadav AK (2016) Toxic characterizationn of textile dyes and effluents in relation to human health hazards. J Sustain Environ Res 3: 95–102
Zargar B, Parham H, Rezazade M (2011) Fast removal and recovery of methylene blue by activated carbon modified with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. J Chinese Chem Soc 58:694–699. https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.201190108
Zeng S, Duan S, Tang R et al (2014) Magnetically separable Ni0.6Fe2.4O4 nanoparticles as an effective adsorbent for dye removal: synthesis and study on the kinetic and thermodynamic behaviors for dye adsorption. Chem Eng J 258:218–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.07.093
Zhao J, Liu J, Li N et al (2016) Highly efficient removal of bivalent heavy metals from aqueous systems by magnetic porous Fe3O4-MnO2: adsorption behavior and process study. Chem Eng J 304:737–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.07.003
Zhu H-Y, Fu Y-Q, Jiang R et al (2011) Adsorption removal of congo red onto magnetic cellulose/Fe3O4/activated carbon composite: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Chem Eng J 173:494–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.08.020
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Chairperson of the Applied Chemistry Department, Aligarh Muslim University for extending laboratory facilities.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mashkoor, F., Nasar, A. Magnetized Tectona grandis sawdust as a novel adsorbent: preparation, characterization, and utilization for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution. Cellulose 27, 2613–2635 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02918-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02918-8