SpringerLink
Log in

Salt intake and gastric cancer: a pooled analysis within the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Cancer Causes & Control Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Previous studies show that consuming foods preserved by salting increases the risk of gastric cancer, while results on the association between total salt or added salt and gastric cancer are less consistent and vary with the exposure considered. This study aimed to quantify the association between dietary salt exposure and gastric cancer, using an individual participant data meta-analysis of studies participating in the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project.

Methods

Data from 25 studies (10,283 cases and 24,643 controls) from the StoP Project with information on salt taste preference (tasteless, normal, salty), use of table salt (never, sometimes, always), total sodium intake (tertiles of grams/day), and high-salt and salt-preserved foods intake (tertiles of grams/day) were used. A two-stage approach based on random-effects models was used to pool study-specific adjusted (sex, age, and gastric cancer risk factors) odds ratios (aORs), and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results

Gastric cancer risk was higher for salty taste preference (aOR 1.59, 95% CI 1.25–2.03), always using table salt (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.16–1.54), and for the highest tertile of high-salt and salt-preserved foods intake (aOR 1.24, 95% CI 1.01–1.51) vs. the lowest tertile. No significant association was observed for the highest vs. the lowest tertile of total sodium intake (aOR 1.08, 95% CI 0.82–1.43). The results obtained were consistent across anatomic sites, strata of Helicobacter pylori infection, and sociodemographic, lifestyle and study characteristics.

Conclusion

Salty taste preference, always using table salt, and a greater high-salt and salt-preserved foods intake increased the risk of gastric cancer, though the association was less robust with total sodium intake.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the StoP Project but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of the StoP Project.

References

  1. Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F et al (2020) Global cancer observatory: cancer today. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ferro A, Peleteiro B, Malvezzi M et al (2014) Worldwide trends in gastric cancer mortality (1980–2011), with predictions to 2015, and incidence by subtype. Eur J Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2014.01.029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Peleteiro B, Bastos A, Ferro A, Lunet N (2014) Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection worldwide: a systematic review of studies with national coverage. Dig Dis Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-014-3063-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hooi JKY, Lai WY, Ng WK et al (2017) Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.022

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ang TL, Fock KM (2014) Clinical epidemiology of gastric cancer. Singap Med J. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2014174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (2018) Continuous Update Project Expert Report: diet, nutrition, physical activity and stomach cancer

  7. Pelucchi C, Lunet N, Boccia S et al (2015) The Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project: study design and presentation. Eur J Cancer Prev. https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. La Vecchia C, D’Avanzo B, Negri E, Decarli A, Benichou J (1995) Attributable risks for stomach cancer in northern Italy. Int J Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910600603

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Deandrea S, Foschi R, Galeone C, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Hu J (2010) Is temperature an effect modifier of the association between green tea intake and gastric cancer risk? Eur J Cancer Prev. https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328330eb1a

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lucenteforte E, Scita V, Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C (2008) Food groups and alcoholic beverages and the risk of stomach cancer: a case-control study in Italy. Nutr Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635580802054512

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. De Feo E, Simone B, Persiani R et al (2012) A case-control study on the effect of Apolipoprotein E genotypes on gastric cancer risk and progression. BMC Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-12-494

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Buiatti E, Palli D, Decarli A et al (1989) A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy. Int J Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910440409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lagiou P, Samoli E, Lagiou A et al (2004) Flavonoids, vitamin C and adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer Causes Control. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CACO.0000016619.18041.b0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mao Y, Hu J, Semenciw R, White K, Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group (2002) Active and passive smoking and the risk of stomach cancer, by subsite, in Canada. Eur J Cancer Prev. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200202000-00005

  15. Mu LN, Lu QY, Yu SZ et al (2005) Green tea drinking and multigenetic index on the risk of stomach cancer in a Chinese population. Int J Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21137

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Zaridze D, Borisova E, Maximovitch D, Chkhikvadze V (2000) Alcohol consumption, smoking and risk of gastric cancer: case-control study from Moscow, Russia. Cancer Causes Control. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008907924938

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Pourfarzi F, Whelan A, Kaldor J, Malekzadeh R (2009) The role of diet and other environmental factors in the causation of gastric cancer in Iran–a population based study. Int J Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Pakseresht M, Forman D, Malekzadeh R et al (2011) Dietary habits and gastric cancer risk in north-west Iran. Cancer Causes Control. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-011-9744-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Setiawan VW, Yu GP, Lu QY et al (2005) Allium vegetables and stomach cancer risk in China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 6:387–395

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Setiawan VW, Zhang ZF, Yu GP et al (2001) GSTP1 polymorphisms and gastric cancer in a high-risk Chinese population. Cancer Causes Control. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011261602940

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang ZF, Kurtz RC, Klimstra DS et al (1999) Helicobacter pylori infection on the risk of stomach cancer and chronic atrophic gastritis. Cancer Detect Prev. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1500.1999.99041.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Lunet N, Valbuena C, Vieira AL et al (2007) Fruit and vegetable consumption and gastric cancer by location and histological type: case-control and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.cej.0000236255.95769.22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Harris H, Hakansson N, Olofsson C, Julin B, Akesson A, Wolk A (2013) The Swedish mammography cohort and the cohort of Swedish men: study design and characteristics of two population-based longitudinal cohorts. OA Epidemiol 1:16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Derakhshan MH, Malekzadeh R, Watabe H et al (2008) Combination of gastric atrophy, reflux symptoms and histological subtype indicates two distinct aetiologies of gastric cardia cancer. Gut. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2007.137364

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Castano-Vinyals G, Aragones N, Perez-Gomez B et al (2015) Population-based multicase-control study in common tumors in Spain (MCC-Spain): rationale and study design. Gac Sanit. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2014.12.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ye W, Ekstrom AM, Hansson LE, Bergstrom R, Nyren O (1999) Tobacco, alcohol and the risk of gastric cancer by sub-site and histologic type. Int J Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19991008)83:2%3C223::aid-ijc13%3E3.0.co;2-m

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Santibanez M, Alguacil J, de la Hera MG et al (2012) Occupational exposures and risk of stomach cancer by histological type. Occup Environ Med. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2011-100071

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hernandez-Ramirez RU, Galvan-Portillo MV, Ward MH et al (2009) Dietary intake of polyphenols, nitrate and nitrite and gastric cancer risk in Mexico City. Int J Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24454

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Lopez-Carrillo L, Hernandez Avila M, Dubrow R (1994) Chili pepper consumption and gastric cancer in Mexico: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116993

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lopez-Carrillo L, Lopez-Cervantes M, Robles-Diaz G et al (2003) Capsaicin consumption, Helicobacter pylori positivity and gastric cancer in Mexico. Int J Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Nishimoto IN, Hamada GS, Kowalski LP et al (2002) Risk factors for stomach cancer in Brazil (I): a case-control study among non-Japanese Brazilians in São Paulo. Jpn J Clin Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyf060

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hamada GS, Kowalski LP, Nishimoto IN et al (2002) Risk factors for stomach cancer in Brazil (II): a case-control study among Japanese Brazilians in São Paulo. Jpn J Clin Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyf061

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Machida-Montani A, Sasazuki S, Inoue M et al (2004) Association of Helicobacter pylori infection and environmental factors in non-cardia gastric cancer in Japan. Gastric Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-004-0268-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Leja M, Camargo MC, Polaka I et al (2017) Detection of gastric atrophy by circulating pepsinogens: a comparison of three assays. Helicobacter. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12393

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Ward MH, Sinha R, Heineman EF et al (1997) Risk of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus with meat cooking method and doneness preference. Int J Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970328)71:1%3C14::aid-ijc4%3E3.0.co;2-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Psaltopoulou T, Kyrozis A, Stathopoulos P, Trichopoulos D, Vassilopoulos D, Trichopoulou A (2008) Diet, physical activity and cognitive impairment among elders: the EPIC-Greece cohort (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). Public Health Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007001607

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Schatzkin A, Subar AF, Thompson FE et al (2001) Design and serendipity in establishing a large cohort with wide dietary intake distributions: the National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/154.12.1119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wells G, Shea B, O’Connell D et al (2013) The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa

    Google Scholar 

  39. Bhat S, Marklund M, Henry ME et al (2020) A systematic review of the sources of dietary salt around the world. Adv Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz134

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Ritz J et al (2006) Methods for pooling results of epidemiologic studies: the Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer. Am J Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. DerSimonian R, Laird N (1986) Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Higgins JP, Thompson SG (2002) Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1186

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sedgwick P (2013) Meta-analyses: heterogeneity and subgroup analysis. Br J Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f4040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. World Health Organization (2012) Guideline: sodium intake for adults and children. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  45. D’Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P (2012) Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2012.01.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ge S, Feng X, Shen L, Wei Z, Zhu Q, Sun J (2012) Association between habitual dietary salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review of observational studies. Gastroenterol Res Pract. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/808120

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Fang X, Wei J, He X et al (2015) Landscape of dietary factors associated with risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2015.09.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Chen VW, Abu-Elyazeed RR, Zavala DE et al (1990) Risk factors of gastric precancerous lesions in a high-risk Colombian population. I. Salt Nutr Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589009514045

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. McLean RM (2014) Measuring population sodium intake: a review of methods. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6114651

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Takamura K, Okayama M, Takeshima T et al (2014) Influence of salty food preference on daily salt intake in primary care. Int J Gen Med. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S60997

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Wati YA, Hamied LI, Martiana A, Sofiatin Y, Roesli RM (2015) Moderate correlation between high salt taste preference and high sodium intake. J Hypertens. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000469850.39188.7f

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Peleteiro B, La Vecchia C, Lunet N (2012) The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the web of gastric cancer causation. Eur J Cancer Prev. https://doi.org/10.1097/CEJ.0b013e32834a7f66

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Miftahussurur M, Yamaoka Y (2016) Diagnostic methods of Helicobacter pylori infection for epidemiological studies: critical importance of indirect test validation. Biomed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4819423

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Ladeiras-Lopes R, Pereira AK, Nogueira A et al (2008) Smoking and gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Cancer Causes Control. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-008-9132-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Uthman OA, Jadidi E, Moradi T (2013) Socioeconomic position and incidence of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2012-201108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Vohra J, Marmot MG, Bauld L, Hiatt RA (2016) Socioeconomic position in childhood and cancer in adulthood: a rapid-review. J Epidemiol Community Health. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206274

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Rota M, Alicandro G, Pelucchi C et al (2020) Education and gastric cancer risk: an individual participant data meta-analysis in the StoP project consortium. Int J Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.32298

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. La Vecchia C, Negri E, D’Avanzo B, Franceschi S (1990) Electric refrigerator use and gastric cancer risk. Br J Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1990.245

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Yan S, Gan Y, Song X et al (2018) Association between refrigerator use and the risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203120

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Shim JS, Shim SY, Cha HJ, Kim J, Kim HC (2021) Socioeconomic characteristics and trends in the consumption of ultra-processed foods in Korea from 2010 to 2018. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041120

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Simões BDS, Barreto SM, Molina M et al (2018) Consumption of ultra-processed foods and socioeconomic position: a cross-sectional analysis of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Cad Saude Publica. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00019717

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Orlando EA, Rebellato AP, Silva JGS, Andrade GC, Pallone JAL (2020) Sodium in different processed and packaged foods: method validation and an estimative on the consumption. Food Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108836

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ahuja JK, Wasswa-Kintu S, Haytowitz DB et al (2015) Sodium content of popular commercially processed and restaurant foods in the United States. Prev Med Rep. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.11.003

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Powles J, Fahimi S, Micha R et al (2013) Global, regional and national sodium intakes in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis of 24 h urinary sodium excretion and dietary surveys worldwide. BMJ Open. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003733

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Subar AF, Thompson FE, Kipnis V et al (2001) Comparative validation of the Block, Willett, and National Cancer Institute food frequency questionnaires: the Eating at America’s Table Study. Am J Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/154.12.1089

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Cade J, Thompson R, Burley V, Warm D (2002) Development, validation and utilisation of food-frequency questionnaires—a review. Public Health Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1079/phn2001318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Botterweck AA, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA (1998) A prospective cohort study on vegetable and fruit consumption and stomach cancer risk in The Netherlands. Am J Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009709

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study was funded by national funds from the Foundation for Science and Technology—FCT (Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education), under the Unidade de Investigação em Epidemiologia—Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto (EPIUnit; UIDB/04750/2020), by the Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC), Project no. 21378 (Investigator Grant), and the Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR) of the Catalan Government (Grant 2017SGR723). AC and SM were funded under the scope of the project "NEON-PC—Neuro-oncological complications of prostate cancer: longitudinal study of cognitive decline" (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032358; ref. PTDC/SAU-EPI/32358/2017). SM was also funded under EPIUnit—Junior Research—Prog Financing (UIDP/04750/2020). An individual grant attributed to NA (SFRH/BD/119390/2016) was funded by FCT and the ‘Programa Operacional Capital Humano’ (POCH/FSE). The authors thank the European Cancer Prevention (ECP) Organization for providing support for the project meetings, all MCC-Spain study collaborators (CIBERESP, ISCIII, ISGlobal, ICO, University of Huelva, University of Oviedo, University of Cantabria, University of León, ibs. Granada, Instituto Salud Pública de Navarra, FISABIO, Murcia Regional Health Authority and cols). The funding sources had no role in the study design; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Samantha Morais, Adriana Costa, Gabriela Albuquerque, Natália Araújo & Nuno Lunet

  2. Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal

    Samantha Morais, Adriana Costa, Gabriela Albuquerque, Natália Araújo & Nuno Lunet

  3. Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal

    Samantha Morais, Natália Araújo & Nuno Lunet

  4. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Claudio Pelucchi, Monica Ferraroni, Rossella Bonzi, Eva Negri & Carlo La Vecchia

  5. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA

    Charles S. Rabkin, Linda M. Liao, Rashmi Sinha, Mary H. Ward & M. Constanza Camargo

  6. Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Zuo-Feng Zhang

  7. Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China

    **fu Hu

  8. School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Kenneth C. Johnson

  9. Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, ISPRO, Florence, Italy

    Domenico Palli

  10. Medical Informatics Center, Peking University, Peking, China

    Guo-Pei Yu

  11. Mexico National Institute of Public Health, Morelos, Mexico

    Lizbeth López-Carrillo

  12. Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Reza Malekzadeh, Mohammadreza Pakseresht & Farhad Pourfarzi

  13. Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan

    Shoichiro Tsugane & Akihisa Hidaka

  14. Nikkei Disease Prevention Center, São Paulo, Brazil

    Gerson Shigueaki Hamada

  15. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia

    David Zaridze & Dmitry Maximovitch

  16. Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain

    Jesus Vioque, Manoli García de la Hera & Victor Moreno

  17. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, ISABIAL-UMH, Alicante, Spain

    Jesus Vioque & Manoli García de la Hera

  18. Oncology Data Analytics Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain

    Victor Moreno

  19. Colorectal Cancer Group, ONCOBELL Program, Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain

    Victor Moreno

  20. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Victor Moreno

  21. Cancer and Public Health Area, FISABIO – Public Health, Valencia, Spain

    Mercedes Vanaclocha-Espi

  22. Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Mohammadreza Pakseresht

  23. Nutritional Epidemiology Group, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Mohammadreza Pakseresht

  24. Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Raúl Ulises Hernández-Ramirez

  25. Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Coyoacán, Mexico

    Malaquias López-Cervantes

  26. Digestive Disease Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran

    Farhad Pourfarzi

  27. Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA

    Lina Mu

  28. Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, New York, NY, USA

    Robert C. Kurtz

  29. Section of Hygiene, University Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy

    Stefania Boccia & Roberta Pastorino

  30. Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health - Public Health Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy

    Stefania Boccia

  31. Department of Public and Community Health, School of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo, Greece

    Areti Lagiou

  32. Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Pagona Lagiou

  33. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Pagona Lagiou

  34. Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA

    Paolo Boffetta

  35. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Paolo Boffetta

  36. Centro Internacional de Pesquisa, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil

    Maria Paula Curado

Authors
  1. Samantha Morais
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Adriana Costa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gabriela Albuquerque
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Natália Araújo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Claudio Pelucchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Charles S. Rabkin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Linda M. Liao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Rashmi Sinha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Zuo-Feng Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. **fu Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Kenneth C. Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Domenico Palli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Monica Ferraroni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Rossella Bonzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Guo-Pei Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Lizbeth López-Carrillo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Reza Malekzadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Shoichiro Tsugane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Akihisa Hidaka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Gerson Shigueaki Hamada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. David Zaridze
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Dmitry Maximovitch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Jesus Vioque
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. Manoli García de la Hera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. Victor Moreno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. Mercedes Vanaclocha-Espi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. Mary H. Ward
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. Mohammadreza Pakseresht
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  29. Raúl Ulises Hernández-Ramirez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  30. Malaquias López-Cervantes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  31. Farhad Pourfarzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  32. Lina Mu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  33. Robert C. Kurtz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  34. Stefania Boccia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  35. Roberta Pastorino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  36. Areti Lagiou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  37. Pagona Lagiou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  38. Paolo Boffetta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  39. M. Constanza Camargo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  40. Maria Paula Curado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  41. Eva Negri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  42. Carlo La Vecchia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  43. Nuno Lunet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

SM harmonized the data, performed the statistical analysis and interpreted the data, drafted and revised the manuscript. GA harmonized and interpreted the data. SM, AC, GA, NA, CP, CSR, LML, RS, ZFZ, JH, KCJ, DP, MF, RB, GPY, LLC, RM, ST, AH, GSH, DZ, DM, JV, MGH, VM, MVE, MHW, MP, RUHR, MLC, FP, LM, RCK, SB, RP, AL, PL, PB, MCC, MPP, EN, CLV, NL supplied the data, as part of the StoP Project. NL supervised the analysis and interpretation of data, and reviewed the manuscript. SM and NL defined the study hypotheses and designed the investigation. All authors contributed to the discussion of the results. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nuno Lunet.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The participating studies were conducted in accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and guidelines for the protection of human subjects, and the StoP Project was approved by the University of Milan Review Board (Reference 19/15).

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publish

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 256 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Morais, S., Costa, A., Albuquerque, G. et al. Salt intake and gastric cancer: a pooled analysis within the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project. Cancer Causes Control 33, 779–791 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-022-01565-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-022-01565-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation