References
Caplan AL, Parent B, Shen M, Plunkett C (2015) No time to waste—the ethical challenges created by CRISPR: CRISPR/Cas, being an efficient, simple, and cheap technology to edit the genome of any organism, raises many ethical and regulatory issues beyond the use to manipulate human germ line cells. EMBO Rep 16:1421–1426
Faure G, Makarova KS, Koonin EV (2019) CRISPR-Cas: complex functional networks and multiple roles beyond adaptive immunity. J Mol Biol 431:3–20
Jablonka E (2018) Lamarckian realities: the CRISPR-Cas system and beyond. Philos Biol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-018-9660-0
Koonin EV (2011) The logic of chance: the nature and origin of biological evolution. FT Press, Upper Saddle River
Koonin EV (2018) CRISPR: a new principle of genome engineering linked to conceptual shifts in evolutionary biology. Philos Biol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-018-9658-7
Koonin EV, Makarova KS (2018) Discovery of oligonucleotide signaling mediated by CRISPR-associated polymerases solves two puzzles but leaves an enigma. ACS Chem Biol 13:309–312
Koonin EV, Wolf YI (2009) Is evolution Darwinian or/and Lamarckian? Biol Direct 4:42
Koonin EV, Wolf YI (2016) Just how Lamarckian is CRISPR-Cas immunity: the continuum of evolvability mechanisms. Biol Direct 11:9
Nei M (2013) Mutation-driven evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Shmakov S, Smargon A, Scott D, Cox D, Pyzocha N, Yan W, Abudayyeh OO, Gootenberg JS, Makarova KS, Wolf YI et al (2017) Diversity and evolution of class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Rev Microbiol 15:169–182
Shmakov SA, Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Severinov KV, Koonin EV (2018) Systematic prediction of genes functionally linked to CRISPR-Cas systems by gene neighborhood analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115:E5307–E5316
Staals RH, Jackson SA, Biswas A, Brouns SJ, Brown CM, Fineran PC (2016) Interference-driven spacer acquisition is dominant over naive and primed adaptation in a native CRISPR-Cas system. Nat Commun 7:12853
Veigl SJ (2018) A use/disuse paradigm for CRISPR-cas systems. Philos Biol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-018-9661-z
Wideman JG, Inkpen SA, Doolittle WF, Redfield RJ (2018) Mutationism, not Lamarckism, captures the novelty of CRISPR-Cas. Philos Biol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-018-9659-6
Woolley S, Parke EC, Kelley D, Poole AM, Ganley A (2018) Striving for clarity about the “Lamarckian” nature of CRISPR-Cas systems. Philos Biol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-018-9662-y
Xu X, Qi LS (2018) A CRISPR-dCas toolbox for genetic engineering and synthetic biology. J Mol Biol 431(1):34–47
Acknowledgements
I would like to once again thank all the commentators for their insights that vindicate the very effort of writing the target article. Funding was provided by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Inramural funds).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Koonin, E.V. Lamarckian or not, CRISPR-Cas is an elaborate engine of directed evolution. Biol Philos 34, 17 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-018-9666-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-018-9666-7