SpringerLink
Log in

Sex Disparities in Adverse Childhood Experiences and HIV/STIs: Mediation of Psychopathology and Sexual Behaviors

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are important public health challenges in the US. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including abuse (emotional, physical or sexual), witnessing violence among household members, may have an effect on sexual behaviors, which increase the risk of HIV/STIs. The aim of this study was to examine the sex differences in the role of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression (MD), substance use disorders (SUDs), early sexual debut, and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration as mediators in the association between ACEs and HIV/STIs. Data were obtained from Wave 2 (2004–2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Structural equation modeling was used to determine the role of PTSD, MD, SUDs, early sexual debut, and IPV perpetration as mediators in the relationships between ACEs and HIV/STIs. Differences and similarities existed in the mediational roles of psychopathology and sexual behaviors. For example, among men, MD fully mediated physical/psychological abuse (β = 0.0002; p = 0.012) and sexual abuse (β = 0.0002; p = 0.006), and HIV/STIs while among women, MD fully mediated physical/psychological abuse (β = 0.0005; p < 0.001) and parental violence (β = −0.0002; p = 0.012). Among men, IPV perpetration fully mediated sexual abuse (β = −0.0005; p = 0.012) and HIV/STIs while among women, IPV perpetration was not a statistically significant mediator. HIV/STI prevention and intervention programs should use a life course approach by addressing adverse childhood events among men and women and consider the sex differences in the roles of psychopathology and sexual behaviors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Germany)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HIV/AIDS: basic statistics. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/statistics_basics_factsheet.pdf. Accessed July 29, 2016.

  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): adolescents and young adults. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/std/life-stages-populations/adolescents-YoungAdults.htm. Accessed July 29, 2016.

  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/. Accessed July 29, 2016.

  4. Ebrahim SH, Peterman TA, Zaidi AA, Kamb ML. Mortality related to sexually transmitted diseases in US women, 1973 through 1992. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:938–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Gupta NK, Bowman CA. Managing sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women. Womens Health (Lond Engl). 2012;8:313–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Newman L, Kamb M, Hawkes S, et al. Global estimates of syphilis in pregnancy and associated adverse outcomes: analysis of multinational antenatal surveillance data. PLoS Med. 2013;10:e1001396.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. International Agency for Research and Cancer. All cancers (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer): estimated incidence, mortality, and prevalence worldwide in 2012. Available at: http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_cancer.aspx. Accessed July 29, 2016.

  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Adverse childhood experiences reported by adults—five states, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:1609–13.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Anda RF, Butchart A, Felitti VJ, Brown DW. Building a framework for global surveillance of the public health implications of adverse childhood experiences. Am J Prev Med. 2010;39:93–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Brown MJ, Cohen SA. Association between abusive and non-abusive adverse childhood experiences and diagnosis of cancer in Wisconsin, USA; 2013. p. S2-008.

  11. Hillis SD, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Nordenberg D, Marchbanks PA. Adverse childhood experiences and sexually transmitted diseases in men and women: a retrospective study. Pediatrics. 2000;106:E11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ramiro LS, Madrid BJ, Brown DW. Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and health-risk behaviors among adults in a develo** country setting. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34:842–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Swopes RM, Simonet DV, Jaffe AE, Tett RP, Davis JL. Adverse childhood experiences, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and emotional intelligence in partner aggression. Violence Vict. 2013;28:513–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14:245–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Jewkes RK, Dunkle K, Nduna M, Jama PN, Puren A. Associations between childhood adversity and depression, substance abuse and HIV and HSV2 incident infections in rural South African youth. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34:833–41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Chapman DP, Whitfield CL, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Edwards VJ, Anda RF. Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. J Affect Disord. 2004;82:217–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Pickles A, Aglan A, Collishaw S, Messer J, Rutter M, Maughan B. Predictors of suicidality across the life span: the Isle of Wight study. Psychol Med. 2010;40:1453–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Oladeji BD, Makanjuola VA, Gureje O. Family-related adverse childhood experiences as risk factors for psychiatric disorders in Nigeria. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;196:186–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Strine TW, Dube SR, Edwards VJ, et al. Associations between adverse childhood experiences, psychological distress, and adult alcohol problems. Am J Health Behav. 2012;36:408–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wu NS, Schairer LC, Dellor E, Grella C. Childhood trauma and health outcomes in adults with comorbid substance abuse and mental health disorders. Addict Behav. 2010;35:68–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Duke NN, Pettingell SL, McMorris BJ, Borowsky IW. Adolescent violence perpetration: associations with multiple types of adverse childhood experiences. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e778–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Roberts AL, McLaughlin KA, Conron KJ, Koenen KC. Adulthood stressors, history of childhood adversity, and risk of perpetration of intimate partner violence. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40:128–38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Miller E, Breslau J, Chung WJ, Green JG, McLaughlin KA, Kessler RC. Adverse childhood experiences and risk of physical violence in adolescent dating relationships. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011;65:1006–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Koblin BA, Husnik MJ, Colfax G, et al. Risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men. AIDS. 2006;20:731–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Reisner SL, Mimiaga MJ, Skeer M, et al. Clinically significant depressive symptoms as a risk factor for HIV infection among Black MSM in Massachusetts. AIDS Behav. 2009;13:798–810.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Celentano DD, Valleroy LA, Sifakis F, et al. Associations between substance use and sexual risk among very young men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis. 2006;33:265–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hutton HE, Treisman GJ, Hunt WR, et al. HIV risk behaviors and their relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder among women prisoners. Psychiatr Serv. 2001;52:508–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. El-Bassel N, Gilbert L, Vinocur D, Chang M, Wu E. Posttraumatic stress disorder and HIV risk among poor, inner-city women receiving care in an emergency department. Am J Public Health. 2011;101:120–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Weiss NH, Tull MT, Borne ME, Gratz KL. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and HIV-risk behaviors among substance-dependent inpatients. AIDS Care. 2013;25:1219–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lacelle C, Hebert M, Lavoie F, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE. Child sexual abuse and women’s sexual health: the contribution of CSA severity and exposure to multiple forms of childhood victimization. J Child Sex Abus. 2012;21:571–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Finkelhor D, Browne A. The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: a conceptualization. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1985;55:530–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Klest B, Freyd JJ, Foynes MM. Trauma exposure and posttraumatic symptoms in Hawaii: gender, ethnicity, and social context. Psychol Trauma. 2013;5:409–16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Reichmann-Decker A, DePrince AP, McIntosh DN. Affective responsiveness, betrayal, and childhood abuse. J Trauma Dissociation. 2009;10:276–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Cascardi M. From violence in the home to physical dating violence victimization: the mediating role of psychological distress in a prospective study of female adolescents. J Youth Adolesc. 2016;45:777–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bockneck EL, Sanderson J, Britner PA IV. Ambiguous loss and posttraumatic stress in school-age children of prisoners. J Child Fam Stud. 2009;18:323–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Widemalm M, Hjarthag F. The forum as a friend: parental mental illness and communication on open internet forums. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015;50:1601–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Pinheiro PS. World report on violence against children. New York: United Nations; 2006. p. 1–357.

  38. Coffey P, Leitenberg H, Henning K, Turner T, Bennett RT. Mediators of the long-term impact of child sexual abuse: perceived stigma, betrayal, powerlessness, and self-blame. Child Abuse Negl. 1996;20:447–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. McElvaney R, Greene S, Hogan D. To tell or not to tell? Factors influencing young people’s informal disclosures of child sexual abuse. J Interpers Violence. 2014;29:928–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Buckley H, Holt S, Whelan S. Listen to me! Children’s experiences of domestic violence. Child Abuse Rev. 2007;16:296–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Gladstone BM, Boydell KM, Seeman MV, et al. Children’s experiences of parental mental illness: a literature review. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2011;5:271–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Walsh K, Messman-Moore T, Zerubavel N, Chandley RB, Denardi KA, Walker DP. Perceived sexual control, sex-related alcohol expectancies and behavior predict substance-related sexual revictimization. Child Abuse Negl. 2013;37:353–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Grant BF, Dawson DA. Introduction to the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol-related conditions. Available at: http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh29-2/74-78.htm. Accessed July 29, 2016.

  44. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:807–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. SAMSHA’s Co-Occuring Center for Excellence. The epidemiology of co-occurring substance use and mental disorders: Overview Paper. 2007;8:1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Brown MJ, Perera RA, Masho SW, Mezuk B, Cohen SA. Adverse childhood experiences and intimate partner aggression in the US: sex differences and similarities in psychosocial mediation. Soc Sci Med. 2015;131C:48–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. World Health Organization. Adverse childhood experiences international questionnaire (ACE-IQ) [online]. Available at: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/activities/adverse_childhood_experiences/questionnaire.pdf?ua=1. Accessed July 22, 2016.

  48. Finkelhor D, Shattuck A, Turner H, Hamby S. Improving the adverse childhood experiences study scale. JAMA Pediatrics. 2013;167:70–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Fuller-Thomson E, Roane JL, Brennenstuhl S. Three types of adverse childhood experiences, and alcohol and drug dependence among adults: an investigation using population-based data. Subst Use Misuse 2016:1–11.

  50. Giovanelli A, Reynolds AJ, Mondi CF, Ou SR. Adverse childhood experiences and adult well-being in a low-income, urban cohort. Pediatrics 2016;137:Epub 2016 Mar 10.

  51. Glowa PT, Olson AL, Johnson DJ. Screening for adverse childhood experiences in a family medicine setting: a feasibility study. J Am Board Fam Med. 2016;29:303–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Mouton CP, Hargreaves MK, Liu J, Fadeyi S, Blot WJ. Adult cancer risk behaviors associated with adverse childhood experiences in a low income population in the southeastern United States. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27:68–83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Perez NM, Jennings WG, Piquero AR, Baglivio MT. Adverse childhood experiences and suicide attempts: the mediating influence of personality development and problem behaviors. J Youth Adolesc. 2016;45:1527–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington: DC, American Psychiatric Association; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Grant BF, Dawson DA, Hasin DS. The alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule. DSM-IV National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda; 2001.

  56. Ruan WJ, Goldstein RB, Chou SP, et al. The alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV): reliability of new psychiatric diagnostic modules and risk factors in a general population sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;92:27–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Straus M, Gelles R. Physical violence in American families: risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families. New Brunswick: NJ, Transaction Publishers; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Krueger RF, et al. Do partners agree about abuse in their relationship? A psychometric evaluation of interpartner agreement. Psychol Assess. 1997;9:47–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Finneran C, Stephenson R. Intimate partner violence, minority stress, and sexual risk-taking among US MSM. J Homosex. 2014;61:288–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ramirez M, Paik A, Sanchagrin K, Heimer K. Violent peers, network centrality, and intimate partner violence perpetration by young men. J Adolesc Health. 2012;51:503–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Reed E, Lawrence DA, Santana MC, et al. Adolescent experiences of violence and relation to violence perpetration beyond young adulthood among an urban sample of Black and African American males. J Urban Health. 2014;91:96–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Hillis SD, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Marchbanks PA. Adverse childhood experiences and sexual risk behaviors in women: a retrospective cohort study. Fam Plann Perspect. 2001;33:206–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Magnusson BM, Masho SW, Lapane KL. Adolescent and sexual history factors influencing reproductive control among women aged 18-44. Sex Health. 2011;8:95–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Magnusson BM, Masho SW, Lapane KL. Early age at first intercourse and subsequent gaps in contraceptive use. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012;21:73–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. O’Donnell L, O’Donnell CR, Stueve A. Early sexual initiation and subsequent sex-related risks among urban minority youth: the reach for health study. Fam Plann Perspect. 2001;33:268–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Brown MJ, Thacker LR, Cohen SA. Association between adverse childhood experiences and diagnosis of cancer. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e65524.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Harling G, Subramanian S, Bärnighausen T, Kawachi I. Socioeconomic disparities in sexually transmitted infections among young adults in the United States: examining the interaction between income and race/ethnicity. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40:575–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Adebowale AS, Titiloye M, Fagbamigbe AF, Akinyemi OJ. Statistical modelling of social risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases among female youths in Nigeria. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2013;7:17–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Shendre MC, Tiwari RR. Social risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2002;68:25–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Waight MT, Rahman MM, Soto P, Tran T. Sexually transmitted diseases during pregnancy in Louisiana, 2007–2009: high-risk populations and adverse newborn outcomes. J La State Med Soc. 2013;165:219–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Suhr DD. Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis [online]. Available at: http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi31/200-31.pdf. Accessed July 30, 2016.

  72. Schroeders U, Wilhelm O. Equivalence of reading and listening comprehension across test media. Educ Psychol Measur. 2011;71:849–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Brannick MT. Critical comments on applying covariance structure modeling. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 1995;16:201–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Kelloway EK. Structural equation modeling in perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 1995;16:215–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Meade AW, Lautenschlager GJ. A Monte-Carlo study of confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement equivalence/invariance. Struct Equ Model. 2004;11:60–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model. 2002;9:233–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Decker MR, Seage GR, 3rd, Hemenway D, Gupta J, Raj A, Silverman JG. Intimate partner violence perpetration, standard and gendered STI/HIV risk behaviour, and STI/HIV diagnosis among a clinic-based sample of men. Sex Transm Infect 2009;85:555–60.

  78. Raj A, Reed E, Welles SL, Santana MC, Silverman JG. Intimate partner violence perpetration, risky sexual behavior, and STI/HIV diagnosis among heterosexual African American men. Am J Mens Health. 2008;2:291–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Houston E, Sandfort TG, Watson KT, Caton CL. Psychological pathways from childhood sexual and physical abuse to HIV/sexually transmitted infection outcomes among homeless women: the role of posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder symptoms. J Health Psychol. 2013;18:1330–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Harbertson J, Grillo M, Zimulinda E, et al. Prevalence of PTSD and depression, and associated sexual risk factors, among male Rwanda Defense Forces military personnel. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18:925–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Marshall BD, Prescott MR, Liberzon I, Tamburrino MB, Calabrese JR, Galea S. Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and HIV risk behavior among Ohio Army National Guard Soldiers. J Trauma Stress. 2013;26:64–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HIV and substance abuse in the United States [Online]. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/behavior/substanceuse.html. Accessed July 30, 2016.

  83. Colfax G, Shoptaw S. The methamphetamine epidemic: implications for HIV prevention and treatment. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2005;2:194–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Des Jarlais DC, Arasteh K, Perlis T, et al. Convergence of HIV seroprevalence among injecting and non-injecting drug users in New York City. AIDS. 2007;21:231–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. National Alliance on Mental Illness. Mental Illness: Dissociative Disorders. Available at: http://www.nami.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Inform_Yourself/About_Mental_Illness/By_Illness/Dissociative_Disorders.htm. Accessed November 10, 2014.

  86. Yiaslas TA, Kamen C, Arteaga A, et al. The relationship between sexual trauma, peritraumatic dissociation, posttraumatic stress disorder, and HIV-related health in HIV-positive men. J Trauma Dissociation. 2014;15:420–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Cloitre M, Scarvalone P, Difede JA. Posttraumatic stress disorder, self- and interpersonal dysfunction among sexually retraumatized women. J Trauma Stress. 1997;10:437–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Shearer SL. Dissociative phenomena in women with borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:1324–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Zlotnick C, Zakriski AL, Shea MT, et al. The long-term sequelae of sexual abuse: support for a complex posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 1996;9:195–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Mental health, partner violence and HIV risk among women with protective orders against violent partners in Vhembe district. South Africa. Asian J Psychiatr. 2013;6:494–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Machisa MT, Christofides N, Jewkes R. Structural pathways between child abuse, poor mental health outcomes and male-perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV). PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0150986.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Kendler KS, Gardner CO. Sex differences in the pathways to major depression: a study of opposite-sex twin pairs. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171:426–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Rehan W, Antfolk J, Johansson A, Santtila P. Do single experiences of childhood abuse increase psychopathology symptoms in adulthood? J Interpers Violence 2016 [Epub ahead of print].

  94. Elkington KS, Bauermeister JA, Zimmerman MA. Psychological distress, substance use, and HIV/STI risk behaviors among youth. J Youth Adolesc. 2010;39:514–27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Brown LK, Tolou-Shams M, Lescano C, et al. Depressive symptoms as a predictor of sexual risk among African American adolescents and young adults. J Adolesc Health 2006;39:444.e1–e8.

  96. Nicodimos S, Gelaye BS, Williams MA, Berhane Y. Associations between witnessing parental violence and experiencing symptoms of depression among college students. East Afr J Public Health. 2009;6:184–90.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Lake S, Hayashi K, Buxton J, et al. The effect of prescription opioid injection on the risk of non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;156:297–303.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Taplin C, Saddichha S, Li K, Krausz MR. Family history of alcohol and drug abuse, childhood trauma, and age of first drug injection. Subst Use Misuse. 2014;49:1311–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. VanderBroek L, Acker J, Palmer AA, de Wit H, MacKillop J. Interrelationships among parental family history of substance misuse, delay discounting, and personal substance use. Psychopharmacology. 2016;233:39–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Green JG, McLaughlin KA, Berglund PA, et al. Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in The national comorbidity survey replication I: associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:113–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Daniel B. Operationalizing the concept of resilience in child neglect: case study research. Child Care Health Dev. 2006;32:303–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. McGloin JM, Widom CS. Resilience among abused and neglected children grown up. Dev Psychopathol. 2001;13:1021–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. El-Bassel N, Wechsberg WM, Shaw SA. Dual HIV risk and vulnerabilities among women who use or inject drugs: no single prevention strategy is the answer. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2012;7:326–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Sogaard OS, Lohse N, Ostergaard L, et al. Morbidity and risk of subsequent diagnosis of HIV: a population based case control study identifying indicator diseases for HIV infection. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e32538.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Richter L, Komarek A, Desmond C, et al. Reported physical and sexual abuse in childhood and adult HIV risk behaviour in three African countries: findings from Project Accept (HPTN-043). AIDS Behav. 2014;18:381–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Buttmann N, Nielsen A, Munk C, Frederiksen K, Liaw KL, Kjaer SK. Young age at first intercourse and subsequent risk-taking behaviour: An epidemiological study of more than 20,000 Danish men from the general population. Scand J Public Health. 2014;42:511–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Maples LA, Park SS, Nolen JP, Rosén LA. Resilience to childhood abuse and neglect in college students. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2014;23(10):1001–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Cubellis MA, Peterson BE, Henninger AM, Lee D. Childhood sexual abuse and antisocial traits and behaviors: a gendered examination of the factors associated with perpetration of intimate partner violence. J Interpers Violence 2016 [Epub ahead of print].

  109. Hembling J, Andrinopoulos K. Evidence of increased STI/HIV-related risk behavior among male perpetrators of intimate partner violence in Guatemala: results from a national survey. AIDS Care. 2014;26:1411–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Frye V, Ompad D, Chan C, Koblin B, Galea S, Vlahov D. Intimate partner violence perpetration and condom use-related factors: associations with heterosexual men’s consistent condom use. AIDS Behav. 2011;15:153–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Harrington KF, DiClemente RJ, Wingood GM, et al. Validity of self-reported sexually transmitted diseases among African American female adolescents participating in an HIV/STD prevention intervention trial. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28:468–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Gallo MF, Steiner MJ, Hobbs MM, Warner L, Jamieson DJ, Macaluso M. Biological markers of sexual activity: tools for improving measurement in HIV/sexually transmitted infection prevention research. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40:447–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Fisher DG, Reynolds GL, Creekmur B, Johnson ME, Deaugustine N. Reliability and criterion-related validity of self-report of syphilis. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34:389–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Marcus JL, Bernstein KT, Philip S, Klausner JD. Evidence of underreporting of adverse childhood experiences, San Francisco municipal STD clinic, 2007. Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36:422–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Gay, Bisexual and Other Men who Have Sex with Men. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/std/life-stages-populations/msm.htm. Accessed October 18, 2013.

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. Victor Heh for his support in preparation of the manuscript.

Funding

The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions was funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism with support from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. B. Mezuk is supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (K01-MH093642).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, University of South Florida, 13301 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MHC 2503, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA

    Monique J. Brown & Briana Mezuk

  2. Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA

    Saba W. Masho

  3. Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA

    Robert A. Perera

  4. Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA

    Briana Mezuk

  5. Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Briana Mezuk

  6. Office of Epidemiology, Division of Disease Prevention, Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, VA, USA

    River A. Pugsley

  7. Health Studies, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA

    Steven A. Cohen

Authors
  1. Monique J. Brown
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Saba W. Masho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Robert A. Perera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Briana Mezuk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. River A. Pugsley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Steven A. Cohen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Monique J. Brown.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

There are no potential conflicts of interest to disclose for any author.

Ethical Approval

The Virginia Commonwealth University Institutional Review Board deemed the current study exempt as de-identified, secondary data were used.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 15 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Brown, M.J., Masho, S.W., Perera, R.A. et al. Sex Disparities in Adverse Childhood Experiences and HIV/STIs: Mediation of Psychopathology and Sexual Behaviors. AIDS Behav 21, 1550–1566 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1553-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1553-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation