Abstract
Transition on a flared cone with zero angle of attack was studied in our newly established Mach 6 quiet wind tunnel (M6QT) via wall pressure measurement and flow visualization. High-frequency pressure transducers were used to measure the second-mode waves’ amplitudes and frequencies. Using pulsed schlieren diagnostic and Rayleigh scattering technique, we got a clear evolution of the second-mode disturbances. The second-mode waves exist for a long distance, which means that the second-mode waves grow linearly in a large region. Strong Mach waves are radiated from the edge of the boundary layer. With further development, the second-mode waves reach their maximum magnitude and harmonics of the second-mode instability appear. Then the disturbances grow nonlinearly. The second modes become weak and merge with each other. Finally, the nonlinear interaction of disturbance leads to a relatively quiet zone, which further breaks down, resulting in the transition of the boundary layer. Our results show that transition is determined by the second mode. The quiet zone before the final breakdown is observed in flow visualization for the first time. Eventual transition requires the presence of a quiet zone generated by nonlinear interactions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Mack, L.M.: Boundary layer stability theory. AGARD Report No. 709 (1984)
Stetson, K.F., Thompson, E.R., Donaldson, J.C., et al.: Laminar boundary layer stability experiments on cone at Mach 8, Part 1: Sharp cone. AIAA Paper 1983-1761 (1983)
Maslov, A., Bountin, D., Shiplyuk, A., et al.: Experimental study of compressible boundary layer on a cone at angles of attack. Acta Mech. Sin. 25, 325–333 (2009)
Fujii K.: Experiment of two dimensional roughness effect on hypersonic boundary-layer transition. J. Spacecr. Rocket. 43, 731–738 (2006)
Han, J., Jiang, N., Tian, Y.: Second mode unstable disturbance measurement of hypersonic boundary layer on cone by wavelet transform. Acta Mech. Sin. 27, 488–493 (2011)
Schneider, S.P.: Hypersonic laminar-turbulent transition on circular cones and scramjet forebodies. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 40, 1–50 (2004)
Schneider, S.P.: Effects of high-speed tunnel noise on laminar-turbulent transition. J. Spacecr. Rocket. 38, 323–333 (2001)
Li, X.L., Fu, D.X., Ma, Y.W.: Direct numerical simulation of hypersonic boundary layer transition over a blunt cone with a small angle of attack. Phys. Fluids 22, 025105 (2010)
Bountin, D.A., Sidorenko, A.A., Shiplyuk, A.N.: Development of natural disturbances in a hypersonic boundary layer on a sharp cone. J. App. Mech. Tech. Phys. 42, 57–62 (2001)
Dong, M., Luo, J.S.: Mechanism of transition in a hypersonic sharp cone boundary layer with zero angle of attack. Appl. Math. Mech. 28, 1019–1028 (2007)
Fedorov, A.V.: Transition and stability of high-speed boundary layers. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 43, 79–95 (2011)
Zhong, X., Wang, X.: Direct numerical simulation on the receptivity, instability, and transition of hypersonic boundary layers. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 44, 52–61 (2012)
Beckwith, I.E., Moore, W.O. III: Mean flow and noise measurements in a Mach-3.5 pilot quiet tunnel. AIAA Paper 1982-0569 (1982)
Berridge, D.C.: Measurements of second-mode instability waves in hypersonic boundary layers with a high-frequency pressure transducer. [M.S. Thesis]. Purdue University, West Lafayette (2010)
Stetson, K.F, Kimmel, R.L.: On hypersonic boundary-layer stability. AIAA Paper 1992-0737 (1992)
Anderson, J.D.: Fundamental of Aerodynamics. (4th edn.) Mc-Graw Hill, USA (2005)
Casper, K.M., Beresh, S.J., Henfling, J.F., et al.: Hypersonic wind-tunnel measurements of boundary-layer pressure fluctuations. AIAA Paper 2009-4054 (2009)
Stetson, K.F., Kimmel, R.L.: Unit-Reynolds-number effects on boundary-layer transition. AIAA J. 31, 159–160 (1993)
Lee, C.B., Wu, J.Z.: Transition in wall-bounded flows. Appl. Mech. Rev. 61, 030802 (2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, CH., Tang, Q. & Lee, CB. Hypersonic boundary-layer transition on a flared cone. Acta Mech Sin 29, 48–54 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-013-0009-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-013-0009-2