Abstract
We report the age-related prevalence of red complex periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia, along with four strains of orange complex pathogens. The bacteria present in samples isolated from tongue, cheek, and subgingival sulcus in edentulous newborns and children with mixed dentition were monitored by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). P. gingivalis was not detected in any site of any subject in the two groups tested. However, T. denticola was not only found in the 6–13 years age group, but also in edentulous newborns at a relatively high prevalence, indicating non-dentition-related colonization by T. denticola. Campylobacter rectus, Prevotella intermedia, T. forsythia, Eikenella corrodens, and Parvimonas micra were found in the oral cavity of most subjects belonging to the 6–13 years age group compared to newborns. This suggested a pronounced association between these colonizing bacteria and the presence of teeth. There was also a strong relation between T. denticola and T. forsythia for their prevalence in the subgingival sulcus of the 6–13 years age group (p < 0.0001), but not in the other sites tested, suggesting that the colonization of dentition-related T. forsythia may be associated with the increased prevalence of non-dentition-related T. denticola in the subgingival sulcus. Overall, these results suggest that dentition is a key determinant of bacterial colonization, especially orange complex bacteria and the red complex bacterium T. forsythia.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sirinian G, Shimizu T, Sugar C, Slots J, Chen C (2002) Periodontopathic bacteria in young healthy subjects of different ethnic backgrounds in Los Angeles. J Periodontol 73:283–288. doi:10.1902/jop.2002.73.3.283
Könönen E (2005) Anaerobes in the upper respiratory tract in infancy. Anaerobe 11:131–136. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2004.11.001
Okada M, Hayashi F, Soda Y, Zhong X, Miura K, Kozai K (2004) Intra-familial distribution of nine putative periodontopathogens in dental plaque samples analyzed by PCR. J Oral Sci 46:149–156. doi:10.2334/josnusd.46.149
Cortelli JR, Aquino DR, Cortelli SC, Fernandes CB, de Carvalho-Filho J, Franco GC, Costa FO, Kawai T (2008) Etiological analysis of initial colonization of periodontal pathogens in oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol 46:1322–1329. doi:10.1128/JCM.02051-07
Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL Jr (1998) Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol 25:134–144. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02419.x
Vesey PM, Kuramitsu HK (2004) Genetic analysis of Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 biofilm formation. Microbiology 150:2401–2407. doi:10.1099/mic.0.26816-0
Papaioannou W, Gizani S, Haffajee AD, Quirynen M, Mamai-Homata E, Papagiannoulis L (2009) The microbiota on different oral surfaces in healthy children. Oral Microbiol Immunol 24:183–1839. doi:10.1111/j.1399-302X.2008.00493.x
Sachdeo A, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS (2008) Biofilms in the edentulous oral cavity. J Prosthodont 17:348–356. doi:10.1111/j.1532-849X.2008.00301.x
Ainamo J, Bay I (1975) Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J 25:229–235
Slots J, Ashimoto A, Flynn MJ, Li G, Chen C (1995) Detection of putative periodontal pathogens in subgingival specimens by 16S ribosomal DNA amplification with the polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 20(Suppl 2):S304–S307, PMID: 1058834
Ashimoto A, Chen C, Bakker I, Slots J (1996) Polymerase chain reaction detection of 8 putative periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque of gingivitis and advanced periodontitis lesions. Oral Microbiol Immunol 11:266–273
Preza D, Olsen I, Willumsen T, Grinde B, Paster BJ (2009) Diversity and site-specificity of the oral microflora in the elderly. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 28:1033–1040. doi:10.1007/s10096-009-0743-3
Colombo AP, Boches SK, Cotton SL, Goodson JM, Kent R, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS, Hasturk H, Van Dyke TE, Dewhirst F, Paster BJ (2009) Comparisons of subgingival microbial profiles of refractory periodontitis, severe periodontitis, and periodontal health using the human oral microbe identification microarray. J Periodontol 80:1421–1432. doi:10.1902/jop.2009.090185
Sakai VT, Campos MR, Machado MA, Lauris JR, Greene AS, Santos CF (2007) Prevalence of four putative periodontopathic bacteria in saliva of a group of Brazilian children with mixed dentition: 1-year longitudinal study. Int J Paediatr Dent 17:192–199. doi:10.1111/j.1365-263X.2006.00813.x
Tanner AC, Milgrom PM, Kent R Jr, Mokeem SA, Page RC, Riedy CA, Weinstein P, Bruss J (2002) The microbiota of young children from tooth and tongue samples. J Dent Res 81:53–57. doi:10.1177/154405910208100112
Kimura S, Ooshima T, Takiguchi M, Sasaki Y, Amano A, Morisaki I, Hamada S (2002) Periodontopathic bacterial infection in childhood. J Periodontol 73:20–26. doi:10.1902/jop.2002.73.1.20
Okada M, Hayashi F, Nagasaka N (2001) PCR detection of 5 putative periodontal pathogens in dental plaque samples from children 2 to 12 years of age. J Clin Periodontol 28:576–582. doi:10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028006576.x
Kulekci G, Leblebicioglu B, Keskin F, Ciftci S, Badur S (2008) Salivary detection of periodontopathic bacteria in periodontally healthy children. Anaerobe 14:49–54. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2007.08.001
Su Z, Kong F, Wang S, Chen J, Yin R, Zhou C, Zhang Y, He Z, Shi Y, Xue Y, Shi X, Lu L, Shao Q, Xu H (2010) The rag locus of Porphyromonas gingivalis might arise from bacteroides via horizontal gene transfer. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 29:429–437. doi:10.1007/s10096-010-0880-8
Rylev M, Kilian M (2008) Prevalence and distribution of principal periodontal pathogens worldwide. J Clin Periodontol 35(8 Suppl):346–361. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01280.x
Lamell CW, Griffen AL, McClellan DL, Leys EJ (2000) Acquisition and colonization stability of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in children. J Clin Microbiol 38:1196–1199
Frisken KW, Higgins T, Palmer JM (1990) The incidence of periodontopathic microorganisms in young children. Oral Microbiol Immunol 5:43–45
Tanaka S, Minami M, Murakami Y, Ogiwara T, Seto K, Shoji M, Hirata A, Abe S, Watanabe S, Fujisawa S (2006) The detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in tooth, tongue and buccal mucosa plaques in children, using immunoslot blot assay (IBA). J Clin Pediatr Dent 30:251–256
Lo Bue AM, Nicoletti G, Toscano MA, Rossetti B, Calì G, Condorelli F (1999) Porphyromonas gingivalis prevalence related to other micro-organisms in adult refractory periodontitis. New Microbiol 22:209–218
Von Troil-Lindén B, Torkko H, Alaluusua S, Wolf J, Jousimies-Somer H, Asikainen S (1995) Periodontal findings in spouses. A clinical, radiographic and microbiological study. J Clin Periodontol 22:93–99
Kamma JJ, Diamanti-Kipioti A, Nakou M, Mitsis F (2000) Profile of subgingival microbiota in children with mixed dentition. Oral Microbiol Immunol 15:103–111. doi:10.1034/j.1399-302x.2000.150206.x
Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to the São Paulo Foundation for Research (grant, 04/00256-6), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the National Institutes of Health (grant, RO1 DE18499), and the Harvard Catalyst Pilot Grant.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cortelli, J.R., Fernandes, C.B., Costa, F.O. et al. Detection of periodontal pathogens in newborns and children with mixed dentition. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 31, 1041–1050 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1405-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1405-9