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Picomolar-sensitive impedimetric sensor for salivary calcium analysis at POC based on SAM of Schiff base–modified gold electrode

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Abstract

Analysis of saliva is a potential diagnostic tool in the management of human diseases. Analysis of saliva in healthy individuals is vital to comparison in a diseased state. Salivary glandular secretion constantly bathes the teeth and oral mucosa. The presence of saliva is vital for healthy oral tissue. Positive correlation has been shown in salivary calcium and phosphate and oral health. We have developed a highly sensitive and selective impedimetric calcium sensor for its non-invasive determination in saliva. The sensor is based on 2-hydroxy-4-(2-oxo-1,2-diphenylethylidene)amino) benzoic acid ionophore; self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on gold electrode has been developed. The calcium sensor was constructed by SAM-Au formation of the compound developed by covalently attaching 4-aminothiophenol (ATP) to the ionophore molecule through amide bond formation between its amino group and the carboxylic group of the ionophore. Characterization of the SAM formation on the gold electrode was performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The modification of the gold electrode was confirmed by measuring the adhesion and surface morphology using contact angle (CA) measurements and SEM. EIS was used as the measuring technique; the sensor showed a linear analytical range (LR) of 5 × 10−12–1 × 10−6 mol L−1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.6 × 10−12 mol L−1 calculated on the basis of 3σ/s and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.2 × 10−11 mol L−1. Moreover, the sensor was found to exhibit high selectivity for Ca2+selectivity over a variety of common interfering ions. The impedance behavior of the proposed calcium sensor has been modeled by an equivalent electrical circuit using a modified Randles model. The covalent immobilization of the ionophore into the modified gold electrode was manifested in its prolonged stability. The sensor was utilized for the determination of calcium concentration in real samples of human saliva; therefore, we believe it is suitable for point of care (POC).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electroanalytical Laboratory, App. Org. Chemical Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt

    Hend Samy Magar & Mohammed Nooredeen Abbas

  2. ISSAT de Sousse, Cité Ettafala, Université de Sousse, 4003 Ibn Khaldoun, Sousse, Tunisia

    Mounir Ben Ali

  3. Faculty of Women’s for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

    Mona A. Ahmed

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  1. Hend Samy Magar
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  2. Mohammed Nooredeen Abbas
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  4. Mona A. Ahmed
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Correspondence to Mohammed Nooredeen Abbas.

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Novelty

1. A newly synthesized Schiff base of benzil and p-aminosalicylic acid was used as novel calcium ionophore in an impedimetric sensor for the first time.

2. The SAM of ionophore developed on gold electrode using 4-aminothiophenol showed highly sensitive and selective impedimetric response to calcium ions over other interferent ions.

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Magar, H.S., Abbas, M.N., Ali, M.B. et al. Picomolar-sensitive impedimetric sensor for salivary calcium analysis at POC based on SAM of Schiff base–modified gold electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 24, 723–737 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04500-w

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