Abstract
The ophiolitic peridotites in the Wadi Arais area, south Eastern Desert of Egypt, represent a part of Neoproterozoic ophiolites of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS). We found relics of fresh dunites enveloped by serpentinites that show abundances of bastite after orthopyroxene, reflecting harzburgite protoliths. The bulk-rock chemistry confirmed the harzburgites as the main protoliths. The primary mantle minerals such as orthopyroxene, olivine and chromian spinel in Arais serpentinites are still preserved. The orthopyroxene has high Mg# [=Mg/(Mg + Fe2+)], ~0.923 on average. It shows intra-grain chemical homogeneity and contains, on average, 2.28 wt.% A12O3, 0.88 wt.% Cr2O3 and 0.53 wt.% CaO, similar to primary orthopyroxenes in modern forearc peridotites. The olivine in harzburgites has lower Fo (93−94.5) than that in dunites (Fo94.3−Fo95.9). The Arais olivine is similar in NiO (0.47 wt.% on average) and MnO (0.08 wt.% on average) contents to the mantle olivine in primary peridotites. This olivine is high in Fo content, similar to Mg-rich olivines in ANS ophiolitic harzburgites, because of its residual origin. The chromian spinel, found in harzburgites, shows wide ranges of Cr#s [=Cr/(Cr + Al)], 0.46−0.81 and Mg#s, 0.34−0.67. The chromian spinel in dunites shows an intra-grain chemical homogeneity with high Cr#s (0.82−0.86). The chromian spinels in Arais peridotites are low in TiO2, 0.05 wt.% and YFe [= Fe3+/(Cr + Al + Fe3+)], ~0.06 on average. They are similar in chemistry to spinels in forearc peridotites. Their compositions associated with olivine’s Fo suggest that the harzburgites are refractory residues after high-degree partial melting (mainly ~25−30 % partial melting) and dunites are more depleted, similar to highly refractory peridotites recovered from forearcs. This is in accordance with the partial melting (>20 % melt) obtained by the whole-rock Al2O3 composition. The Arais peridotites have been possibly formed in a sub-arc setting (mantle wedge), where high degrees of partial melting were available during subduction and closing of the Mozambique Ocean, and emplaced in a forearc basin. Their equilibrium temperature based on olivine−spinel thermometry ranges from 650 to 780 °C, and their oxygen fugacity is high (Δlog ƒO2 = 2.3 to 2.8), which is characteristic of mantle-wedge peridotites. The Arais peridotites are affected by secondary processes forming microinclusions inside the dunitic olivine, abundances of carbonates and talc flakes in serpentinites. These microinclusions have been formed by reaction between trapped fluids and host olivine in a closed system. Lizardite and chrysotile, based on Raman analyses, are the main serpentine minerals with lesser antigorite, indicating that serpentines were possibly formed under retrograde metamorphism during exhumation and near the surface at low T (<400 °C).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abd El-Rahman Y, Polat A, Dilek Y, Fryer BJ, El-Sharkawy M, Sakran S (2009) Geochemistry and tectonic evolution of the Neoproterozoic incipient arc–forearc crust in the Fawakhir area, Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. Precambrian Res 175:116–134
Abdel-Karim AM, El-Mahallawi MM, Finger F (1996) The ophiolite mélange of Wadi Dunqash and Arayis, Eastern Desert of Egypt: Petrogenesis and tectonic evolution. Acta Mineral Petrogr, Szeged XXXVII:129–141
Abdel-Khalek ML, Takla MA, Sehim A, Hamimi Z, El-Manawi AW (1992) Geology and tectonic evolution of Wadi Beitan area, southeastern Desert, Egypt. 1st Int Conf Geol Arab World, Univ Cairo 2:369–394
Ahmed AH, Arai S, Attia AK (2001) Petrological characteristics of podiform chromitites and associated peridotites of Pan-African complexes of Egypt. Miner Deposita 36:72–84
Allen DE, Seyfried WE Jr (2003) Compositional controls on vent fluids from ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridges: An experimental study at 400 °C, 500 bars. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67:1531–1542
Arai S (1975) Contact metamorphosed dunite-harzburgite complex in the Chugoku district, western Japan. Contrib Mineral Petrol 52:1–16
Arai S (1980) Dunite-harzburgite-chromitite complexes as refractory residue in the Sangun-Yamaguchi zone, western Japan. J Petrol 21:141–165
Arai S (1987) An estimation of the least depleted spinel peridotite on the basis of olivine-spinel mantle array. Neues Jahrb Mineral Monatsh 8:347–354
Arai S (1994) Compositional variation of olivine-chromian spinel in Mg rich magmas as a guide to their residual spinel peridotites. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 59:279–294
Arai S (1997) Origin of podiform chromitites. J Asian Earth Sci 15:303–310
Arai S, Hirai H (1985) Relics of H2O fluid inclusions in mantle-derived olivine. Nature 318:276–277
Arai S, Matsukage K (1996) Petrology of the gabbro-troctolite-peridotite complex from Hess Deep, equaotrial Pacific: implications for mantle-melt interaction within the oceanic lithosphere. Proc ODP, Sci Results 147:135–155
Arai S, Shimizu Y, Ismail SA, Ahmed AH (2006) Low-T formation of high-Cr spinel with apparently primary chemical characteristics within podiform chromitite from Rayat, northeastern Iraq. Mineral Mag 70:499–508
Arai S, Okamura H, Kadoshima K, Tanaka C, Suzuki K, Ishimaru S (2011) Chemical characteristics of chromian spinel in plutonic rocks: Implications for deep magma processes and discrimination of tectonic setting. Island Arc 20:125–137
Azer MK, Khalil AES (2005) Petrological and mineralogical studies of Pan-African serpentinites at Bir Al-Edeid area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. J Afr Earth Sci 43:525–536
Azer MK, Stern RJ (2007) Neoproterozoic (835-720 Ma) serpentinites in the Eastern Desert, Egypt: Fragments of Fore-arc mantle. J Geol 15:457–472
Ballhaus C, Berry RF, Green DH (1990) Oxygen fugacity controls in the Earth’s upper mantle. Nature 348:437–440
Ballhaus C, Berry RF, Green DH (1991) High pressure experimental calibration of the olivine-orthopyroxene-spinel oxygen geobarometer: implications for the oxidation state of the upper mantle. Contrib Mineral Petrol 107:27–40
Bence AE, Albee AL (1968) Empirical correction factors for the electron microanalysis of silicates and oxides. J Geol 76:382–403
Bloomer SH, Fisher RL (1987) Petrology and geochemistry of igneous rocks from the Tonga Trench – a non-accreting plate boundary. J Geol 95:469–495
Bloomer SH, Hawkins JW (1983) Gabbroic and ultramafic rocks from the Mariana trench: an island arc ophiolite. In: Hayes DE (ed) The tectonics and geologic evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands: Part II. AGU geophysical monograph 23. American Geophysical Union, Washington, pp 294–317
Bonatti E, Michael P (1989) Mantle peridotites from continental rifts to ocean basins to subduction zones. Earth Planet Sci Lett 91:297–311
Cameron WE (1985) Petrology and origin of primitive lavas from Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. Contrib Mineral Petrol 89:239–255
Coleman RG (1971) Petrologic and geophysical nature of serpentinites. Geol Soc Amer 82:897–918
Dick HJB, Bullen T (1984) Chromian spinel as a petrogenetic indicator in abyssal and alpine-type peridotites and spatially associated lavas. Contrib Mineral Petrol 86:54–76
El-Gaby S, El-Nady O, Khudeir A (1984) Tectonic evolution of the basement complex in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt. Geol Rundsch 73:1019–1036
El-Sayed MM, Furnes H, Mohamed FH (1999) Geochemical constraints on the tectonomagmatic evolution of the late Precambrian Fawakhir ophiolite, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. J Afr Earth Sci 29:515–533
El-Sharkawi MA, El-Bayoumi RM (1979) The ophiolites of Wadi Ghadir area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Ann Geol Surv, Egypt 9:125–135
El-Tahlawi MR, Khudeir A, Wagih A, Bishara W, Boghdady GY (1997) An inquiry into the tectonic setting of an ophiolite association from Egypt. 3rd Int Conf Geochem Alex, Egypt 1:395–408
Ernst WG (1978) Petrochemical study of lherzolitic rocks from the western Alps. J Petrol 19:341–392
Evans BW (2004) The serpentinite multisystem revisited: chrysotile is metastable. Inter Geol Rev 46:479–506
Evans BW (2010) Lizardite versus antigorite serpentinite: magnetite, hydrogen, and life (?). Geology 38:879–882
Evans BW, Frost BR (1975) Chrome-spinel in progressive metamorphism – a preliminary analysis. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 39:959–972
Evans BW, Guggenheim S (1988) Talc, pyrophyllite, and related minerals. In: Bailey SW (ed) Hydrous Phyllosilicates (exclusive of micas). Rev Mineral 19:225–294
Evans BW, Trommsdorff V (1974) Stability of enstatite and talc, and CO2-metasomatism of metaperidotite, Val d’Efra, Lepontine Alps. Am J Sci 274:274–296
Farahat ES (2008) Chrome-spinels in serpentinites and talc carbonates of the El Edeid-El Sodmein District, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt: their metamorphism and petrogenetic implication. Chemie de Erde Geochemistry 68:193–205
Farahat ES (2010) Neoproterozoic arc-back-arc system in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt: evidence from supra-subduction zone ophiolites. Lithos 120:293–308
Farahat ES, El Mahalawi MM, Hoinkes G, Abdel Aal AY (2004) Continental backarc basin origin of some ophiolites from the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Mineral Petrol 82:81–104
Farahat ES, Hoinkes G, Mogessie A (2011) Petrogenetic and geotectonic significance of Neoproterozoic suprasubduction mantle as revealed by the Wizer ophiolite complex, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 100:1433–1450
Frost R (1975) Contact Metamorphism of Serpentinite, Chloritic Blackwall and Rodingite at Paddy-Go-Easy Pass, Central Cascades, Washington. J Petrol 16:272–313
Gass IG (1977) The evolution of the Pan African crystalline basement in NE Africa and Arabia. J Geol Soc London 134:129–138
Ghoneim MF, Lebda EM, Nasr BB, Khedr MZ (2002) Geology and tectonic evolution of the area around Wadi Arais, Southern Eastern Desert, Egypt. 6th Conf Geol Arab World, Univ Cairo 1:45–66
Hey MH (1954) A new review of the chlorites. Mineral Mag 30:277–292
Imai N, Terashima H, Itoh S, Ando A (1995) 1994 compilation values for GSJ reference samples, “Igneous rock series”. Geochem J 29:91–95
Ishii T, Robinson PT, Maekawa H, Fiske R (1992) Petrological studies of peridotites from diapiric serpentinite seamounts in the Izu-Ogasawara-Mariana forearc. In: Fryer P, Pearce JA, Stokking LB (eds) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results 125. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, pp 445–485
Ishikawa T, Nagahashi K, Umino S (2002) Boninitic volcanism in the Oman ophiolite: implications for thermal condition during transition from spreading ridge to arc. Geology 30:899–902
Ishimaru S, Arai S, Ishida Y, Shirasaka M, Okrugin VM (2007) Melting and multi-stage metasomatism in the mantle wedge beneath a frontal arc inferred from highly depleted peridotite xenoliths from the Avacha Volcano, Southern Kamchatka. J Petrol 48:395–433
Ishiwatari A (1985) Igneous petrogenesis of the Yakuno ophiolite (Japan) in the context of the diversity of ophiolites. Contrib Mineral Petrol 89:155–167
Iyer K, Austrheim H, John T, Jamtveit B (2008) Serpentinization of the oceanic lithosphere and some geochemical consequences: constraints from the Leka Ophiolite Complex, Norway. Chem Geol 249:66–90
Jaques AL, Green DH (1980) Anhydrous melting of peridotite at 0–15 kb pressure and the genesis of tholeiitic basalts. Contrib Mineral Petrol 73:287–310
Kelemen PB, Shimizu N, Salters VJM (1995) Extraction of mid-ocean-ridge basalt from the upwelling mantle by focused flow of melt in dunite channels. Nature 375:747–753
Khalil AES, Azer MK (2007) Supra-subduction affinity in the Neoproterozoic serpentinites in the Eastern Desert, Egypt: evidence from mineral composition. J Afr Earth Sci 49:136–152
Khedr MZ (2004) Petrological and geochemical studies on the area around Wadi Arais, south Eastern Desert, Egypt. M.Sc. Dissertation. University of Tanta, Egypt
Khedr MZ, Arai S (2010) Hydrous peridotites with Ti-rich chromian spinel as a low-temperature forearc mantle facies: evidence from the Happo-O’ne metaperidotites (Japan). Contrib Mineral Petrol 159:137–157
Khedr MZ, Arai S (2011) Petrology and geochemistry of chromian spinel-bearing serpentinites in the Hida Marginal Belt (Ise area, Japan): characteristics of their protoliths. J Mineral Petrol Sci 106(5):255–260
Khedr MZ, Arai S (2012) Petrology and geochemistry of prograde deserpentinized peridotites from Happo-O’ne, Japan: evidence of element mobility during deserpentinization. J Asian Earth Sci 43:150–163
Khedr MZ, Arai S, Tamura A, Morishita T (2010) Clinopyroxenes in high-P metaperidotites from Happo-O’ne, central Japan: implications for wedge-transversal chemical change of slab-derived fluids. Lithos 119:439–456
Khudeir AA (1995) Chromian spinel-silicate chemistry in peridotite and orthopyroxenite relicts from ophiolitic serpentinites, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Bull Fac Sci Assuit Univ Egypt 24:221–261
Kostopoulos D (1991) Melting of the shallow upper mantle. J Petrol 32:671–699
Kröner A (1985) Ophiolites and the evolution of tectonic boundaries in the late Proterozoic Arabian-Nubian shield of northeast Africa and Arabia. Precambrian Res 27:277–300
Loferski P, Lipin BR (1983) Exsolution in metamorphosed chromite from the Red Lodge district, Montana. Amer Mineral 68:777–789
Loney RA, Himmelberg GR, Coleman RG (1971) Structure and petrology of the alpine-type peridotite at Burro Mountain, California, USA. J Petrol 12:245–309
McDonough WF, Sun SS (1995) The composition of the Earth. Chem Geol 120:223–253
Miura M, Arai S, Mizukami T (2011) Raman spectroscopy of hydrous inclusions in olivine and orthopyroxene in ophiolitic harzburgite: implications for elementary processes in serpentinization. J Mineral Petrol Sci 106:91–96
Moore DE, Rymer MJ (2007) Talc-bearing serpentinite and the cree** section of the San Andreas fault. Nature 448:595–597
Müntener O, Hermann J, Trommsdorff V (2000) Cooling history and exhumation of lower-crustal granulite and upper mantle (Malenco, eastern central Alps). J Petrol 41:175–200
Murata K, Maekawa H, Yokose H, Yamamoto K, Fujioka K, Ishii T, Chiba H, Wada Y (2009) Significance of serpentinization of wedge mantle peridotites beneath Mariana forearc, western Pacific. Geosphere 5:90–104
Niu Y (1997) Mantle melting and melt extraction processes beneath ocean ridges: evidence from abyssal peridotites. J Petrol 38:1047–1074
Nozaka T (2003) Compositional heterogeneity of olivine in thermally metamorphosed serpentinite from southwest Japan. Amer Mineral 88:1377–1384
Nozaka T (2011) Constraints on anthophyllite formation in thermally metamorphosed peridotites from southwestern Japan. J Metam Geol 29:385–398
O’Hanley DS (1996) Serpentinites: records of tectonic and petrologic history. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 277
Ohara Y, Ishii T (1998) Peridotites from southern Mariana forearc: heterogeneous fluids supply in mantle wedge. Isl Arc 7:541–558
Okamura H, Arai S, Kim Y-U (2006) Petrology of forearc peridotite from the Hahajima Seamount, the Izu-Bonin arc, with special reference to chemical characteristics of chromian spinel. Mineral Mag 70:15–26
Parkinson IJ, Pearce JA (1998) Peridotites from the Izu-Bonin-Mariana forearc (ODP Leg 125): evidence for mantle melting and melt-mantle interaction in a supra-subduction zone setting. J Petrol 39:1577–1618
Pearce JA, Barker PF, Edwards SJ, Parkinson IJ, Leat PT (2000) Geochemistry and tectonic significance of peridotites from the South Sandwich arc-basin system, south Atlantic. Contrib Mineral Petrol 139:36–53
Pinsext RH, Hirst DM (1977) The metamorphism of the Blue River ultramafic body, Cassiar, British Columbia, Canada. J Petrol 18:567–594
Ries AC, Shackleton RM, Graham RH, Fitches WR (1983) Pan-African structures, ophiolites and mélanges in the Eastern Desert of Egypt: a traverse at 26° N. J Geol Soc 140:75–95
Sack RO, Ghiorso MS (1991) Chromian spinels as petrogenetic indicators: Thermodynamics and petrological applications. Amer Mineral 76:827–847
Shackleton RM, Ries AC, Graham RH, Fitches WR (1980) Late Precambrian ophiolitic mélange in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Nature 285:472–474
Sobolev AV, Danyushevsky LV (1994) Petrology and geochemistry of boninites form the north termination of the Tonga trench: constraints on the generation conditions of primary high-Ca boninite magmas. J Petrol 35:1183–1211
Springer R (1974) Contact metamorphosed ultramafic rocks in the Western Sierra Nevada Foothills, California. J Petrol 15:160–195
Stern RJ (1994) Arc assembly and continental collision in the neoproterozoic east African orogen: implications for the consolidation of Gondwana. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci Lett 152:75–91
Stern RJ, Gwinn CJ (1990) Origin of late precambrian intrusive carbonates, Eastern Desert of Egypt and Sudan: C, O and Sr isotopic evidences. Precam Res 46:259–272
Stern RJ, Johnson PR, Kröner A, Yibas B (2004) Neoproterozoic ophiolites of the Arabian–Nubian Shield. In: Kusky TM (ed) Precambrian ophiolites and related rocks. Developments in Precambrian geology, vol 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 95–128
Takahashi E, Uto K, Schilling JG (1987) Primary magma compositions and Mg/Fe ratios of their mantle residues along Mid-Atlantic Ridge 29 N to 73 N. Tech Rep Inst Study Earth’s Inter Okayama Univ Ser A 9:1–14
Takazawa E, Frey FA, Shimizu N, Obata M (2000) Whole rock compositional variations in an upper mantle peridotite (Horoman, Hokkaido, Japan): are they consistent with a partial melting process? Geochim Cosmochim Acta 64:695–716
Takazawa E, Okayasu T, Satoh K (2003) Geochemistry and origin of the basal lherzolites from the northern Oman ophiolite (northern Fizh block). Geochem Geophys Geosyst 4(2):1021. doi:10.1029/2001GC000232
Trommsdorff V, López Sànchez-Vizcaíno V, Gómez-Pugnaire MT, Müntener O (1998) High pressure breakdown of antigorite to spinifex-textured olivine and orthopyroxene, SE Spain. Contrib Mineral Petrol 132:139–148
Umino S, Kushiro I (1989) Experimental studies on boninite petrogenesis. In: Crowford AJ (ed) Boninites and Related Rocks. Unwin Hyman, London, pp 89–111
van der Laan SR, Arculus RJ, Pearce JA, Murton JB (1992) Petrography, mineral chemistry, and phase relations of the basement boninite series of Site 786, Izu–Bonin forearc. In: Fryer P, Pearce JA, Stokking LB (eds) Proceedings of the ocean drilling program, scientific results, vol. 125. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, pp 171–202
Wicks FJ, Whittaker EJW (1977) Serpentine textures and serpentinization. Can Mineral 15:446–488
Will TM, Powell R, Holland TJB (1990) A calculated petrogenetic grid for ultramafic rocks in the system CaO-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-CO2-H2O at low pressures. Contrib Mineral Petrol 105:347–358
Yoshikawa M, Nakamura E (2000) Geochemical evolution of the Horoman peridotite complex: Implications for melt extraction, metasomatism and compositional layering in the mantle. J Geophys Res 105:2879–2901
Zimmer M, Kröner A, Jochum KP, Reischmann T, Todt W (1995) The Gabal Gerf complex: a Precambrian N-MORB ophiolite in the Nubian Shield, NE Africa. Chem Geol 123:29–51
Acknowledgments
The authors are indebted to Mr. M. Miura and Dr. T. Mizukami for their help during laser Raman analysis. We are grateful to reviewers: Prof. Hassan Helmy and Dr. Marie Python for their beneficial comments. We thank the editor and Dr. Tamer Abu Alam, guest editor of Gondwana Collision especial issue, for the editorial handling of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editorial handling: T. Abu-Alam
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khedr, M.Z., Arai, S. Origin of Neoproterozoic ophiolitic peridotites in south Eastern Desert, Egypt, constrained from primary mantle mineral chemistry. Miner Petrol 107, 807–828 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-012-0213-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-012-0213-y