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The flow dynamics of an extremely large volume pyroclastic flow, the 2.08-Ma Cerro Galán Ignimbrite, NW Argentina, and comparison with other flow types

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Abstract

The 2.08-Ma Cerro Galán Ignimbrite (CGI) represents a >630-km3 dense rock equivalent (VEI 8) eruption from the long-lived Cerro Galán magma system (∼6 Ma). It is a crystal-rich (35–60%), pumice (<10% generally) and lithic-poor (<5% generally) rhyodacitic ignimbrite, lacking a preceding plinian fallout deposit. The CGI is preserved up to 80 km from the structural margins of the caldera, but almost certainly was deposited up to 100 km from the caldera in some places. Only one emplacement unit is preserved in proximal to medial settings and in most distal settings, suggesting constant flow conditions, but where the pyroclastic flow moved into a palaeotopography of substantial valleys and ridges, it interacted with valley walls, resulting in flow instabilities that generated multiple depositional units, often separated by pyroclastic surge deposits. The CGI preserves a widespread sub-horizontal fabric, defined by aligned elongate pumice and lithic clasts, and minerals (e.g. biotite). A sub-horizontal anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility fabric is defined by minute magnetic minerals in all localities where it has been analysed. The CGI is poor in both vent-derived (‘accessory’) lithics and locally derived lithics from the ground surface (‘accidental’) lithics. Locally derived lithics are small (<20 cm) and were not transported far from source points. All data suggest that the pyroclastic flow system producing the CGI was characterised throughout by high sedimentation rates, resulting from high particle concentration and suppressed turbulence at the depositional boundary layer, despite being a low aspect ratio ignimbrite. Based on these features, we question whether high velocity and momentum are necessary to account for extensive flow mobility. It is proposed that the CGI was deposited by a pyroclastic flow system that developed a substantial, high particle concentration granular under-flow, which flowed with suppressed turbulence. High particle concentration and fine-ash content hindered gas loss and maintained flow mobility. In order to explain the contemporaneous maintenance of high particle concentration, high sedimentation rate at the depositional boundary layer and a high level of mobility, it is also proposed that the flow(s) was continuously supplied at a high mass feeding rate. It is also proposed that internal gas pressure within the flow, directed downwards onto the substrate over which the flow was passing, reduced the friction between the flow and the substrate and also enhanced its mobility. The pervasive sub-horizontal fabric of aligned pumice, lithic and even biotite crystals indicates a consistent horizontal shear force existed during transport and deposition in the basal granular flow, consistent with the existence of a laminar, shearing, granular flow regime during the final stages of transport and deposition.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Australian Research Council Discovery Grant Scheme for funding most of the costs of this research through grant DP0663560 to undertake research on the volcanology of the Cerro Galán ignimbrite. Careful reviews by Greg Valentine and Tim Druitt and very helpful editorial suggestions by Kathy Cashman and James White have greatly improved the paper.

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  1. Heather M. N. Wright

    Present address: US Geological Survey, MS 910, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA

  2. Massimiliano Porreca

    Present address: Centro de Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos Geológicos (CVARG), Universidade dos Açores, Rua Mae de Deus, 9501, Ponta Delgada, Portugal

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Geosciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia

    Ray A. F. Cas, Heather M. N. Wright & Christopher B. Folkes

  2. Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Università di Roma Tre, Lago S. Leonardo Murialdo 1, 00146, Rome, Italy

    Chiara Lesti, Massimiliano Porreca & Guido Giordano

  3. Instituto GEONORTE and CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Buenos Aires 177, 4400, Salta, Argentina

    Jose G. Viramonte

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Cas RAF, Cashman K (eds) The Cerro Galan Ignimbrite and Caldera: characteristics and origins of a very large volume ignimbrite and its magma system

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Cas, R.A.F., Wright, H.M.N., Folkes, C.B. et al. The flow dynamics of an extremely large volume pyroclastic flow, the 2.08-Ma Cerro Galán Ignimbrite, NW Argentina, and comparison with other flow types. Bull Volcanol 73, 1583–1609 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0564-y

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