Abstract
To analyze density-mediated indirect effects through trophic cascades caused by Japanese dace Tribolodon hakonensis on the algal biomass and growth of ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis, (freshwater fish belonging to Salmoniformes), I introduced zero, five, ten, and 20 dace with and without ayu into experimental pools. Ayu fed predominantly on benthic algae, whereas dace fed on both invertebrates and algae. The percentage of algae in the food content of dace was correlated with the number of dace in a pool. In the experiment lasting 8 days, trophic cascades on algae were not clear. In contrast, when the experimental duration was extended to 20 days, the number of gastropods and ephemeropteran nymphs was negatively correlated with the number of dace, consequently increasing the algal biomass and ayu growth through trophic cascades. Compared with pools with five dace, the presence of ten and 20 dace had similar gross effects on the number of algivorous invertebrates and algal biomass and greater gross effects on the ayu growth. The significant increase in ayu growth in pools with ten and 20 dace strongly suggests that small positive effects on algal growth by dace accumulated and extended to ayu during a 20-day experimental period. These results indicate the importance of analyzing interactions between the density and behavior of the top predator and the experimental duration on the intensity of trophic cascades.
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Acknowledgments
We thank C. Norman for his critical review of the manuscript, and F. Onuma, A. Ishihara, and A. Seki for help and discussion. This study was supported by a grant-in-aid from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan. This paper is a contribution (No. B-464) from the National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan. The experiments conducted in this study comply the current laws of Japan.
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Communicated by Matthias Schaefer.
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Katano, O. Effects of experimental duration and density of Japanese dace Tribolodon hakonensis on the strength of trophic cascades on benthic algae. Oecologia 154, 195–205 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0827-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0827-7