Abstract
The impact of long-term fertilizer on ammonia (NH3) volatilization in a double rice-crop** system is not well documented. A long-term fertilizer experiment in Chinese double rice-crop** systems initiated in 1990 was used in this study to evaluate the NH3 volatilization. Six fertilizer treatments were designed, including inorganic fertilizer [nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (NP), nitrogen and potassium fertilizer (NK), and balanced mineral fertilizer (NPK)], combined inorganic/organic fertilizers at full and reduced rate (FOM and ROM), and no fertilizer application (served as control). Ammonia volatilization fluxes were measured using a continuous airflow enclosure method during double rice growing seasons from 2007 to 2009. Results showed that the cumulative NH3 volatilizations in the fertilizer plots ranged from 12.8 to 27.3 kg N ha−1 for the early rice season and from 17.3 to 32.7 kg N ha−1 for the late rice season, which accounted for 9.2–33.6 % and 17.8–32.2 % of the applied N, respectively. The NH4 + concentration in floodwater is a predominant factor to NH3 losses in the double rice-crop** systems. Compared with the NPK, the cumulative NH3 volatilizations during double rice growing seasons were respectively increased by 9.7, 50.6, and 37.6 % for the NP, NK, and FOM plots, respectively, while they were decreased by 24.6 % for the ROM plots. Compared with the NPK, N uptakes by rice were decreased by 7.2–49.7 % with imbalanced fertilizer application (NP and NK), while they were increased by 9.6–41.0 % with combined inorganic/organic fertilizers application (ROM and FOM). Grain yields were comparable among the NPK, ROM, and FOM treatments, but they were declined by the treatments with imbalanced fertilizer application. These results suggested that agricultural economic viability and NH3 volatilization mitigation can be simultaneously achieved by balanced inorganic and organic fertilizers application.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00374-013-0891-6/MediaObjects/374_2013_891_Fig1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00374-013-0891-6/MediaObjects/374_2013_891_Fig2_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00374-013-0891-6/MediaObjects/374_2013_891_Fig3_HTML.gif)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asman WAH, Sutton MA, SchjØRring JK (1998) Ammonia: emission, atmospheric transport and deposition. New Phytol 139:27–48
Bao S (2000) Soil and agro-chemistry analysis, 3rd edn. China Agricultural Press, Bei**g
Bi L, Zhang B, Liu G, Li Z, Liu Y, Ye C, Yu X, Lai T, Zhang J, Yin J, Liang Y (2009) Long-term effects of organic amendments on the rice yields for double rice crop** systems in subtropical China. Agr Ecosyst Environ 129:534–541
Bobbink R, Heil GW, Raessen MBAG (1992) Atmospheric deposition and canopy exchange processes in heathland ecosystems. Environ Pollut 75:29–37
Bouwman AF, Lee DS, Asman WAH, Dentener FJ, Van Der Hoek KW, Olivier JGJ (1997) A global high-resolution emission inventory for ammonia. Global Biogeochem Cy 11:561–587
Cai GX, Zhu ZL, Trevitt ACF, Freney JR, Simpson JR (1986) Nitrogen loss from ammonium bicarbonate and urea fertilizers applied to flooded rice. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 10:203–215
Cai GX, Chen DL, Ding H, Pacholski A, Fan XH, Zhu ZL (2002) Nitrogen losses from fertilizers applied to maize, wheat and rice in the North China Plain. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 63:187–195
Clay DE, Malzer GL, Anderson JL (1990) Ammonia volatilization from urea as influenced by soil temperature, soil water content, and nitrification and hydrolysis inhibitors. Soil sci soc Am J 54:263–266
De Datta S, Buresh R, Obcemea W, Castillo E (1990) Nitrogen15 balances and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in upland rice. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 26:179–187
Duan ZH, **ao HL (2000) Effects of soil properties on ammonia volatilization. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 46:845–852
Emmett B (2007) Nitrogen saturation of terrestrial ecosystems: some recent findings and their implications for our conceptual framework. Water Air Soil Poll: Focus 7:99–109
Erisman JW, Bleeker A, Galloway J, Sutton MS (2007) Reduced nitrogen in ecology and the environment. Environ Pollut 150:140–149
Fangmeier A, Hadwiger-Fangmeier A, Van der Eerden L, Jäger H-J (1994) Effects of atmospheric ammonia on vegetation—a review. Environ Pollut 86:43–82
Freney JR, Trevitt ACF, Dedatta SK, Obcemea WN, Real JG (1990) The interdependence of ammonia volatilization and denitrification as nitrogen loss processes in flooded rice fields in the Philippines. Biol Fert Soils 9:31–36
Frolking S, Qiu J, Boles S, **ao X, Liu J, Zhuang Y, Li C, Qin X (2002) Combining remote sensing and ground census data to develop new maps of the distribution of rice agriculture in China. Global Biogeochem Cy 16:1091
Galloway JN, Cowling EB (2002) Reactive nitrogen and the world: 200 years of change. AMBIO: A J Human Environ 31:64–71
Galloway JN, Dentener FJ, Capone DG, Boyer EW, Howarth RW, Seitzinger SP, Asner GP, Cleveland CC, Green PA, Holland EA, Karl DM, Michaels AF, Porter JH, Townsend AR, Vöosmarty CJ (2004) Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry 70:153–226
Goulding KWT, Bailey NJ, Bradbury NJ, Hargreaves P, Howe M, Murphy DV, Poulton PR, Willison TW (1998) Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes. New Phytol 139:49–58
Griggs BR, Norman RJ, Wilson CE Jr, Slaton NA (2007) Ammonia volatilization and nitrogen uptake for conventional and conservation tilled dry-seeded, delayed-flood rice. Soil Sci Soc Am J 71:745–751
Hayashi K, Nishimura S, Yagi K (2006) Ammonia volatilization from the surface of a Japanese paddy field during rice cultivation. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 52:545–555
Hayashi K, Nishimura S, Yagi K (2008) Ammonia volatilization from a paddy field following applications of urea: rice plants are both an absorber and an emitter for atmospheric ammonia. Sci Total Environ 390:485–494
Hayashi K, Koga N, Fueki N (2011) Limited ammonia volatilization loss from upland fields of Andosols following fertilizer applications. Agr Ecosyst Environ 140:534–538
Huang S, Zhang W, Yu X, Huang Q (2010) Effects of long-term fertilization on corn productivity and its sustainability in an Ultisol of southern China. Agr Ecosyst Environ 138:44–50
Jayaweera GR, Mikkelsen DS (1991) Assessment of ammonia volatilization from flooded soil systems. In: Brady NC (ed) Advances in agronomy. Academic, San Diego, pp 303–356
Ju XT, **ng GX, Chen XP, Zhang SL, Zhang LJ, Liu XJ, Cui ZL, Yin B, Christie P, Zhu ZL, Zhang FS (2009) Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:3041–3046
Kissel DE, Brewer HL, Arkin GF (1977) Design and test of a field sampler for ammonia volatilization. Soil Sci Soc Am J 41:1133–1138
Kyuma K (2004) Paddy soil science. Kyoto University Press, Kyoto
Leuning R, Denmead OT, Simpson JR, Freney JR (1984) Processes of ammonia loss from shallow floodwater. Atmos Environ 18:1583–1592
Li H, Liang XQ, Lian YF, Xu L, Chen YX (2009) Reduction of ammonia volatilization from urea by a floating duckweed in flooded rice fields. Soil Sci Soc Am J 73:1890–1895
Lin DX, Fan XH, Hu F, Zhao HT, Luo JF (2007) Ammonia volatilization and nitrogen utilization efficiency in response to urea application in rice fields of the Taihu Lake region, China. Pedosphere 17:639–645
Liu GD, Li YC, Alva AK (2007) Temperature quotients of ammonia emission of different nitrogen sources applied to four agricultural soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 71:1482–1489
Matsushima M, Lim S-S, Kwak J-H, Park H-J, Lee S-I, Lee D-S, Choi W-J (2009) Interactive effects of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer and composted manure on ammonia volatilization from soils. Plant Soil 325:187–196
Mosier AR (2001) Exchange of gaseous nitrogen compounds between agricultural systems and the atmosphere. Plant Soil 228:17–27
Rochette P, Angers D, Chantigny M, MacDonald J, Gasser M-O, Bertrand N (2009) Reducing ammonia volatilization in a no-till soil by incorporating urea and pig slurry in shallow bands. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 84:71–80
Schlesinger WH, Hartley AE (1992) A global budget for atmospheric NH3. Biogeochemistry 15:191–211
Shang Q, Yang X, Gao C, Wu P, Liu J, Xu Y, Shen Q, Zou J, Guo S (2011) Net annual global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in Chinese double rice-crop** systems: a 3-year field measurement in long-term fertilizer experiments. Global Change Biol 17:2196–2210
Stevens CJ, Dise NB, Mountford JO, Gowing DJ (2004) Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands. Science 303:1876–1879
Tian G, Cai Z, Cao J, Li X (2001) Factors affecting ammonia volatilisation from a rice–wheat rotation system. Chemosphere 42:123–129
Vitousek PM, Aber JD, Howarth RW, Likens GE, Matson PA, Schindler DW, Schlesinger WH, Tilman DG (1997) Human alternation of the global nitrogen cycle: causes and consequences. Ecol Appl 7:737–750
Vlek PLG, Stumpe JM (1978) Effects of solution chemistry and environmental conditions on ammonia volatilization losses from aqueous systems. Soil Sci Soci Am J 42:416–421
Xu J, Peng S, Yang S, Wang W (2012) Ammonia volatilization losses from a rice paddy with different irrigation and nitrogen managements. Agr Water Manage 104:184–192
Zhang Y, Luan S, Chen L, Shao M (2011) Estimating the volatilization of ammonia from synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers used in China. J Environ Manage 92:480–493
Zhao X, Y-x X, Z-q X, X-y Y, G-x X, Z-l Z (2009) Nitrogen fate and environmental consequence in paddy soil under rice-wheat rotation in the Taihu lake region, China. Plant Soil 319:225–234
Zhu ZL, Chen DL (2002) Nitrogen fertilizer use in China—contributions to food production, impacts on the environment and best management strategies. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 63:117–127
Zhu ZL, Cai GX, Simpson JR, Zhang SL, Chen DL, Jackson AV, Freney JR (1988) Processes of nitrogen loss from fertilizers applied to flooded rice fields on a calcareous soil in north-central China. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 18:101–115
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB127403).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shang, Q., Gao, C., Yang, X. et al. Ammonia volatilization in Chinese double rice-crop** systems: a 3-year field measurement in long-term fertilizer experiments. Biol Fertil Soils 50, 715–725 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-013-0891-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-013-0891-6