SpringerLink
Log in

Vertical distribution, population structure and lifecycle of Eucalanus bungii (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the Oyashio region, with notes on its regional variations

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Marine Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Vertical distribution and population structure of Eucalanus bungii were investigated at site H in the Oyashio region (western subarctic Pacific) from September 1996 through October 1997 to evaluate the species’ lifecycle pattern and associated ontogenetic vertical migration. Additional temporary samplings were also made at several stations covering the entire subarctic Pacific, Okhotsk Sea and Japan Sea, as a basis for regional comparison of lifecycle features of this species. At site H, a marked phytoplankton bloom occurred from mid-March to June, and E. bungii spawned in April/May in the surface layer. Resulting nauplii and copepodite stage 1 (C1) formed a prominent abundance peak in early June. The C1 developed and reached C5 by August. The development of nauplii through C4 occurred in the surface layer. From August onwards, C5 and a small fraction of C3–C4 sank gradually deeper, and entered diapause to overwinter at >500 m depth. The C5 molted to C6 males and females in February and March, respectively. The C6 males and females mated at 250–500 m depth, and only mated C6 females ascended to the surface layer in April for spawning. Judging from the size of lipid droplets in the body, the C3–C5 specimens deposited lipids in the body through the phytoplankton bloom period, and the lipids were consumed gradually during overwintering. Taking account of sampling season, temporal changes in population structure, and vertical distribution, the data collected from the western subarctic Pacific and Okhotsk Sea are consistent with a 1-year lifecycle for the site H population, while the data from the central and eastern subarctic Pacific were consistent with a 2-year lifecycle. The populations from the southern and southeastern Japan Sea did not fit the features of either lifecycle scenario, and because of their very small population size it is suggested that they originated from the northern Japan Sea. Regional comparison of the prosome length of C6 females, including those in the Bering Sea, indicated significantly larger specimens from the Japan Sea and Okhotsk Sea, and smaller specimens in the eastern subarctic Pacific, as compared with those in the western subarctic Pacific (including site H) and Bering Sea. A possible overwintering mechanism of E. bungii is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Atkinson A (1998) Lifecycle strategies of epipelagic copepods in the Southern Ocean. J Mar Syst 15:289–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson A, Schnack-Schiel SB, Ward P, Marin V (1997) Regional differences in the lifecycle of Calanoides acutus (Copepoda: Calanoida) within the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 150:99–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Båmstedt U (1986) Chemical composition and energy content. In: Corner EDS, O’Hara SCM (eds) The biological chemistry of marine copepods. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp 1–58

  • Deevey GB (1960) Relative effects of temperature and food on seasonal variations in length of marine copepods in some eastern American and western European waters. Bull Bingham Oceanogr Coll 17:54–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Digby PSB (1954) The biology of the marine planktonic copepods of Scoresby Sound, east Greenland. J Anim Ecol 23:298–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Escribano R, McLaren IA (1992) Influence of food and temperature on length and weights of two marine copepods. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 159:77–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleminger A (1973) Pattern, number, variability and taxonomic signification of integumental organs (sensilla and glandular pores) in the genus Eucalanus (Copepoda, Calanoda). Fish Bull 71:965–1010

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleminger A, Hulsemann (1973) Relationship of Indian Ocean epiplanktonic calanoids to the world oceans. In: Zeitzschel B, Gerlach SA (eds) The biology of the Indian Ocean. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 339–348

  • Gnaiger E (1983) Calculation on energetic and biochemical equivalents of respiratory oxygen consumption. In: Gnaiger E, Forstner H (eds) Polarographic oxygen sensors. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 337–345

  • Hagen W, Schanack-Schiel SB (1996) Seasonal lipid dynamics in dominant Antarctic copepods: Energy for overwintering or reproduction? Deep Sea Res 43:139–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison PJ, Boyd PW, Varela DE, Takeda S, Shiomoto A, Odate T (1999) Comparison of factors controlling phytoplankton productivity in the NE and NW subarctic Pacific gyres. Prog Oceanogr 43:205–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirakawa K (1984) Seasonal distribution of the planktonic copepods, and life histories of Calanus pacificus, Calanus plumchrus and Eucalanus bungii bungii in the waters of Funka Bay, southern Hokkaido, Japan. Marine Biological Research Institute of Japan (in Japanese with English abstract)

  • Hirche H-J (1997) Lifecycle of the copepod Calanus hyperboreus in the Greenland Sea. Mar Biol 128:607–618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda T, Hirakawa K (1996) Early development and estimated lifecycle of the mesopelagic copepod Paraeuchaeta elongata in the southern Japan Sea. Mar Biol 126:261–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda T, Sano F, Yamaguchi A (2004) Metabolism and body composition of a copepod Neocalanus cristatus (Crustacea) from bathypelagic zone of the Oyashio region, western subarctic Pacific. Mar Biol (in press)

  • Johnson MW (1937) The developmental stages of the copepod Eucalanus elongatus Dana var. bungii Giesbrecht. Trans Am Microscop Soc 56:79–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamba M (1977) Feeding habits and vertical distribution of walleye Pollock, Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas), in early life stage in Uchiura Bay, Hokkaido. Res Inst N Pac Fish Hokkaido Univ 175–197

  • Kasai H, Saito H, Kashiwai M, Taneda T, Kusaka A, Kawasaki Y, Kono T, Taguchi S, Tsuda A (2001) Seasonal and interannual variations in nutrients and plankton in the Oyashio region: a summary of a 10-years observation along the A-line. Bull Hokkaido Natl Fish Res Inst 65:55–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura A (1968) Performance of Peterson type closing net. Bull Plankton Soc Jpn 15:11–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura A (1989) Fast sinking mouth ring for closing NORPAC net. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 55:1121

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim SW, Saitoh S, Ishizaka J, Isoda Y, Kishino M (2000) Temporal and spatial variability of phytoplankton pigment concentration in the Japan sea derived from CZCS images. J Oceanogr 56:527–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitani K, Shimazaki K (1972) On the hydrography of the northern part of the Okhotsk Sea in summer. Bull Fac Fish Hokkaido Univ 22:231–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobari T, Ikeda T (1999) Vertical distribution, population structure and lifecycle of Neocalanus cristatus (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Oyashio region, with notes on its regional variations. Mar Biol 134:683–696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobari T, Ikeda T (2001a) Lifecycle of Neocalanus flemingeri (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Oyashio region, western subarctic Pacific, with notes on its regional variations. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 209:243–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobari T, Ikeda T (2001b) Ontogenetic vertical migration and lifecycle of Neocalanus plumchrus (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Oyashio region, with notes on its regional variations in body size. J Plankton Res 23:287–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobari T, Shinada A, Tsuda A (2003) Functional roles of inerzonal migrating mesozooplankton in the western subarctic Pacific. Prog Oceanogr 57:279–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kono T (1997) Modification of the Oyashio Water in the Hokkaido and Tohoku areas. Deep Sea Res 44:669–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krause EP, Lewis AG (1979) Ontogentic migration and the distribution of Eucalanus bungii (Copepoda; Calanoida) in British Columbia inlets. Can J Zool 57:2211

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee HW, Ban S, Ikeda T, Matsuishi T (2003) Effect of temperature on development, growth and reproduction in the marine copepod Pseudocalanus newmani at satiating food condition. J Plankton Res 25:261–271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackas DL, Sefton H, Miller CB, Raich A (1993) Vertical habitat partitioning by large calanoid copepods in the oceanic subarctic Pacific during spring. Prog Oceanogr 32:259–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mauchline J (1998) The biology of Calanoid copepods. Adv Mar Biol 33:1–710

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller CB, Terazaki M (1989) The life histories of Neocalanus flemingeri and Neocalanus plumchrus in the Sea of Japan. Bull Plankton Soc Jpn 36:27–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller CB, Frost BW, Batchelder HP, Clemons MJ, Conway RE (1984) Life histories of large, grazing copepods in the subarctic ocean gyre: Neocalanus plumchrus, Neocalanus cristatus and Eucalanus bungii in the Northeast Pacific. Prog Oceanogr 13:201–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nemoto T (1970) Chlorophyll pigments in the stomach and gut of some macrozooplankton species. In: Takenouchi AY et al. (eds) Biological oceanography of the northern North Pacific Ocean. Idemitsu Shoten, Tokyo, pp 411–418

  • Nishimura S (1969) The zoogeographical aspects of the Japan sea: part V. Publ Seto Mar Biol Lab 17:67–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohman MD, Drits AV, Clarke ME, Plourde S (1998) Differential dormancy of cooccurring copepods. Deep Sea Res 45:1709–1740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtani K (1971) Studies on the change of the hydrographic conditions in the Funka Bay. II. Characteristics of the waters occupying the Funka Bay. Bull Fac Fish Hokkaido Univ 22:58–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsuka S, Ohaye S, Tanimura A, Fukuchi M, Hattori H, Sasaki H, Matsuda O (1993) Feeding ecology of copepodid stages of Eucalanus bungii in the Chukchi and northern Bering Seas in October 1988. Proc NIPR Symp Polar Biol 6:27–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Omori M (1969) Weight and chemical composition of some important oceanic zooplankton in the North Pacific Ocean. Mar Biol 3:4–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Padmavati G, Ikeda T, Yamaguchi A (2004) Lifecycle, population structure and vertical distribution of Metridia spp. (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the Oyashio region (NW Pacific Ocean). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 270:181–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Planque B, Hays GC, Ibanez F, Gamble JC (1997) Large-scale spatial variations in the seasonal abundance of Calanus finmarchicus. Deep Sea Res 44:315–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid JL (1973) North Pacific Ocean waters in winter. The Johns Hopkins Oceanographic Studies No. 5. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, pp 1–9

  • Russell RW, Harrison NM, Hunt GL Jr (1999) Foraging at a front: hydrography, zooplankton, and avian planktivory in the northern Bering Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 182:77–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito H, Kotani Y (2000) Lipids of four boreal species of calanoid copepods: origin of monene fats of marine animals at higher trophic levels in the grazing food chain in the subarctic ocean ecosystem. Mar Chem 71:69–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saitoh S, Kishino M, Kiyohuji H, Taguchi S, Takahashi M (1996) Seasonal variability of phytoplankton pigment concentration in the Okhotsk Sea. J Rem Sen Soc Jpn 16:86–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi I (1972) Food animals collected from the stomachs of three salmonid fishes (Oncorhynchus) and their distribution in the natural environments in the northern North Pacific. Bull Hokkaido Reg Fish Res Lab 38:1–119 (in Japanese with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Terazaki M, Tomatsu C (1997) A vertical multiple opening and closing plankton sampler. J Adv Mar Sci Technol Soc 3:127–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuda A, Sugisaki H (1994) In situ grazing rate of the copepod population in the western subarctic North Pacific during spring. Mar Biol 120:203–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuda A, Saito H, Kasai H (1999) Life histories of Neocalanus flemingeri and Neocalanus plumchrus (Calanoida: Copepoda) in the western subarctic Pacific. Mar Biol 135:533–544

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsurushima N, Nojiri Y, Imai K, Watanabe S (2002) Seasonal variations of carbon dioxide system and nutrients in the surface mixed layer at station KNOT (44°N, 155°E) in the subarctic western North Pacific. Deep Sea Res 49:5377–5394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal J (1980) Physioecology of zooplankton. IV. Effects of phytoplankton concentration, temperature, and body size on the net production efficiency of Calanus pacificus. Mar Biol 56:203–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidal J, Smith SL (1986) Biomass, growth, and development of populations of herbivorous zooplankton in the southeastern Bering Sea during spring. Deep Sea Res 33:523–556

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinogradov ME (1970) Vertical distribution of the oceanic zooplankton. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem

  • Vinogradov ME, Arashkevich EG (1969) Vertical distribution of interzonal copepod filter feeders and their role in communities at different depths in the northwestern Pacific. Oceanology 9:399–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward P, Atkinson A, Schnack-Schiel SB, Murray AWA (1997) Regional differences in the lifecycle of Rhincalanus gigas (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the Antarctic sector of the Southern Ocean: re-examination of existing data (1928 to 1993). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 157:261–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Welschmeyer NA, Strom S, Goericke R, Ditullio G, Belvin M, Petersen W (1993) Primary production in the subarctic Pacific Ocean: project SUPER. Prog Oceanogr 32:101–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi A, Ikeda T (2000) Vertical distribution, lifecycle, and developmental characteristics of the mesopelagic calanoid copepod Gaidius variabilis (Aetideidae) in the Oyashio region, western North Pacific Ocean. Mar Biol 137:99–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi A, Ikeda T, Shiga N (1998) Population structure and lifecycle of Pseudocalanus minutus and Pseudocalanus newmani (Copepoda: Calanoida) in Toyama Bay, southern Japan Sea. Plankton Biol Ecol 45:183–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi A, Watanabe Y, Ishida H, Harimoto T, Furusawa K, Suzuki S, Ishizaka J, IkedaT, Takahashi MM (2002) Community and trophic structures of pelagic copepods down to greater depths in the western subarctic Pacific (WESTCOSMIC). Deep Sea Res 49:1007–1025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zenkevitch L (1963) Biology of the seas of the USSR. Allen and Unwin, London

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to C.B. Miller for reviewing earlier drafts of this paper; his constructive comments significantly improved the manuscript. This study was supported in part by grant JSPS KAKENHI 14209001 to T.I. The authors hereby declare that experiments performed during this study comply with current laws of Japan.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Biodiversity Laboratory, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-machi, Hakodate, 041-0821 , Hokkaido, Japan

    Satoko Shoden, Tsutomu Ikeda & Atsushi Yamaguchi

Authors
  1. Satoko Shoden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tsutomu Ikeda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Atsushi Yamaguchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tsutomu Ikeda.

Additional information

Communicated by O. Kinne, Oldendorf/Luhe

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shoden, S., Ikeda, T. & Yamaguchi, A. Vertical distribution, population structure and lifecycle of Eucalanus bungii (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the Oyashio region, with notes on its regional variations. Marine Biology 146, 497–511 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1450-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1450-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation