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Approaches for on-line coupling of extraction and chromatography

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Abstract

This review provides an overview of the approaches available in order to perform on-line coupling of various extraction techniques with liquid and gas chromatography, for the analysis of semivolatile and nonvolatile analytes in liquid and solid samples. The main focus is on the instrumental set-up of these techniques. Selected real applications are described by way of illustration. The extraction methods suitable for on-line coupling covered in this review are: liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, membrane-based techniques, pressurised liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and microwave- and sonication-assisted extractions. The following systems are not covered in this review: on-line coupled solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography, purge-and-trap-GC, and membrane extraction with a sorbent interface-GC.

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Abbreviations

DMAE :

Dynamic microwave-assisted extraction

DSAE :

Dynamic sonication-assisted extraction

FIA :

Flow injection analysis

FID :

Flame ionisation detection

GC :

Gas chromatography

HGAAS :

Hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy

IC :

Ion chromatography

IPLC :

Ion pair liquid chromatography

LC :

Column liquid chromatography

LLE :

Liquid-liquid extraction

LVI :

Large-volume injection

MAE :

Microwave-assisted extraction

MESI :

Membrane extraction with a sorbent interface

MMLLE :

Microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction

MS :

Mass spectrometry

NP :

Normal-phase

OTT :

Open-tubular trap**

OTTTD :

Open-tubular trap** with thermal desorption

PAH :

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PHWE :

Pressurised hot water extraction

PCB :

Polychlorinated biphenyl

PLE :

Pressurised liquid extraction

PTV :

Programmed-temperature vaporizer

RP :

Reversed-phase

RSD :

Relative standard deviation

SAE :

Sonication-assisted extraction

SFE :

Supercritical fluid extraction

SIM :

Selective ion monitoring

SLM :

Supported liquid membrane

SPE :

Solid-phase extraction

SPE-TD :

Solid-phase extraction-thermal desorption

SVE :

Solvent vapour exit

TD :

Thermal desorption

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Acknowledgements

Financial support from the Academy of Finland is acknowledged (project 48867).

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  1. Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Tuulia Hyötyläinen & Marja-Liisa Riekkola

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  1. Tuulia Hyötyläinen
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Correspondence to Tuulia Hyötyläinen.

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Hyötyläinen, T., Riekkola, ML. Approaches for on-line coupling of extraction and chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 378, 1962–1981 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-004-2545-x

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