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Immuntherapie der multiplen Sklerose

Überblick und Update

Immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis

Review and update

  • Arzneimitteltherapie
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Zusammenfassung

Die multiple Sklerose (MS) ist eine Autoimmunerkrankung des zentralen Nervensytems mit charakteristischen entzündlichen Veränderungen der weißen und grauen Substanz. Wahrscheinlich als Folge der Demyelinisierung kommt es bereits frühzeitig zu einem irreversiblen Verlust von Nervenzellen. In den letzten Jahren konnten in der MS-Therapie beachtliche Fortschritte erzielt werden. Mit den aktuellen immunmodulierenden bzw. immunsuppressiven Therapien werden insbesondere die Schubrate, Behinderungsprogression und paraklinische Krankheitsaktivität reduziert. Die individuelle Therapieauswahl ist vom Ideal einer „personalisierten Medizin“ noch weit entfernt. Aufgrund der Implementierung von Risikomanagementplänen hat insbesondere das interdisziplinäre Therapiemonitoring große Bedeutung. Eine engmaschige interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit ist daher unabdingbar. In dieser Übersicht sollen mit Dimethylfumarat, Teriflunomid und Alemtuzumab drei neue Therapieoptionen vorgestellt werden. Unser Artikel orientiert sich u. a. an den kürzlich aktualisierten Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN). Besonderes Augenmerk richten wir auf die Risiken der neuen Therapien, das Monitoring und auf besondere Maßnahmen bei einem Therapiewechsel. Teriflunomid, Dimethylfumarat und Alemtuzumab erweitern die Optionen für die Behandlung der schubförmigen MS. Bei der Präparatewahl sollten u. a. das Sicherheitsprofil der Substanz, Vor- und Begleiterkrankungen sowie weitere individuelle Faktoren berücksichtigt werden. Dies erfordert eine eingehende Beratung und individuelle Abwägung der aktuellen Krankheitsaktivität, der zu erwartenden Effektivität der Therapie sowie der möglichen Risiken und Nebenwirkungen.

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, presumably autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system. Early stages of the disease are characterized by conspicuous inflammation of the white and grey matter. During later stages, presumably secondary neurodegeneration leads to physical disability progression. Over the last decade increasingly effective therapeutic options have been approved. Currently 11 immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive therapies targeting relapse rate, disease progression and paraclinical disease activity are available, mostly for relapsing forms of MS. However, the ideal of “precision medicine” is still in the distant future since biomarkers for individualized treatment are lacking. For implementation of risk-management plans to minimize the risk of severe side effects, interdisciplinary collaboration between neurologists and internists is essential. In this review article we summarize practical aspects of the implemented risk-management plans, and discuss possible side effects and special caveats of the three new immunotherapies teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, and alemtuzumab. This article is based on, among others, the recently updated guidelines of the German Society of Neurology. Particular attention is given to the risks of new therapies, monitoring, and on special aspects needing attention when changing treatments. Teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, and alemtuzumab expand treatment options for relapsing–remitting MS. Treatment selection should take into consideration the safety profile of the substance, previous and concomitant diseases, and other individual factors. This requires in-depth consultation and individual assessment of current disease activity, the potential efficacy of the therapy, and the possible risks and side effects.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. J. Havla erhielt Honorare für Vorträge/Beratung und Reisekostenunterstützung für Kongresse von Merck-Serono, Bayer Healthcare und Novartis Pharma. T. Kümpfel erhielt Honorare für Vorträge/Beratung und Reisekostenunterstützung für Kongresse von Bayer HealthCare, Teva Pharma, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Genzyme und Biogen-Idec sowie Forschungsunterstützung von der Firma Novartis Pharma. R. Hohlfeld erhielt Honorare für Vorträge/Beratung von Novartis Pharma, Teva Pharma, Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Bayer HealthCare, Sanofi-Aventis und Genzyme; zusätzlich Forschungsunterstützung von Novartis Pharma, Teva Pharma, Biogen-Idec, Merck-Serono, Bayer HealthCare und Sanofi-Aventis. R. Hohlfeld wird von der DFG (DFG CRC TRR128, Z2) und dem BMBF (KKNMS) unterstützt.

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Havla, J., Kümpfel, T. & Hohlfeld, R. Immuntherapie der multiplen Sklerose. Internist 56, 432–445 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-015-3668-1

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