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Teaching how to stop the bleed: does it work? A prospective evaluation of tourniquet application in law enforcement officers and private security personnel

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European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Introduction

Stop the Bleed (STB) program was launched by the White House, for the use of bleeding control techniques at the scene of traumatic injury. The purpose of this study was to conduct an STB course in private security and law enforcement personnel.

Methods

Pre- and post-questionnaire using the Likert scale was shared with participants on their knowledge and comfort level with the use of tourniquets. Participants were also observed while placing tourniquets and the time for placement recorded. The didactic portion and practical session of the STB was then taught and participants were again observed placing tourniquets and a questionnaire distributed. Fisher’s exact tests or Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks tests were used to compare pre–post measurements.

Results

A total of 151 subjects were enrolled over the course of seven sessions. The tourniquet was applied correctly by 17.2% (26/151) and 92.7% (140/151) at the pre- and post-instruction assessments, respectively (p < 0.001). Mean times to apply the tourniquet were 29.8 ± 18.5 and 18.7 ± 6.7 s, respectively (p < 0.001). Subjects reported their level of comfort with the tourniquet to be 5.1 ± 3.3 and 8.8 ± 2.2, respectively (p < 0.001), and their familiarity with anatomy and bleeding control to be 5.2 ± 3.1 and 8.2 ± 2.4, respectively (p < 0.001). At the end of the course, the mean score in response to a question about the extent to which the explanation had helped was 9.0 ± 1.9 (95% CI 8.7–9.4) and to a question about the extent to which teaching would make them feel more secure and safe was 9.2 ± 1.9 (95% CI 8.9–9.5).

Conclusions

STB course improved correct tourniquet placement, demonstrated dramatic improvements in application time, and increased levels of comfort. These findings validate the need for ongoing teaching and education.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, NYU Winthrop Hospital - NYU Long Island School of Medicine, 222 Station Plaza North, Suite 300, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA

    Fahd Ali MD, FACS, Patrizio Petrone, Ellen Berghorn, Judith Jax, Collin E. M. Brathwaite & D’Andrea K. Joseph

  2. Department of Biostatistics, NYU Winthrop Hospital – NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA

    Donald Brand

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  1. Fahd Ali MD, FACS
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  2. Patrizio Petrone
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Correspondence to Patrizio Petrone.

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Conflict of interest

Fahd Ali, Patrizio Petrone, Ellen Berghorn, Judith Jax, Collin E.M. Brathwaite, Donald Brand, and D’Andrea K. Joseph declare that they have not conflict of interest.

Informed consent

This study was approved by the NYU Winthrop Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB), located in Mineola, New York, USA.

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Ali, F., Petrone, P., Berghorn, E. et al. Teaching how to stop the bleed: does it work? A prospective evaluation of tourniquet application in law enforcement officers and private security personnel. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 47, 79–83 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-019-01113-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-019-01113-5

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