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Influences of Gravity Waves on Convectively Induced Turbulence (CIT): A Review

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Abstract

Thunderstorms are known to produce turbulence. Such turbulence is commonly referred to as convectively induced turbulence or CIT, and can be hazardous to aviation. Although this turbulence can occur both within and outside the convection, out-of-cloud CIT is particularly hazardous, since it occurs in clear air and cannot be seen by eye or onboard radar. Furthermore, due to its small scale and its ties to the underlying convection, it is very difficult to forecast. Guidelines for out-of-cloud CIT avoidance are available, but they are oversimplified and can be misleading. In the search for more appropriate and physically based avoidance guidelines, considerable research has been conducted in recent years on the nature of the phenomenon, and in particular, its connection to gravity waves generated by the convection. This paper reviews the advances in our understanding of out-of-cloud CIT and its relation to convective gravity waves, and provides several detailed examples of observed cases to elucidate some of the underlying dynamics.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Wiebke Deierling, Teddie Keller (each of NCAR), Gretchen Mullendore (University of North Dakota), and an anonymous reviewer for their comments of an earlier version of the manuscript, which helped improve the presentation. We also thank Julia Pearson (NCAR) for constructing Fig. 1 and Lara Ziady (NCAR) for Fig. 2. We acknowledge Earth Networks for providing ENTLN (lightning) data. This research is in response to requirements and funding by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the FAA.

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Sharman, R.D., Trier, S.B. Influences of Gravity Waves on Convectively Induced Turbulence (CIT): A Review. Pure Appl. Geophys. 176, 1923–1958 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1849-2

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