Abstract
Society needs a quantitative and systematic way to estimate and compare the impacts of environmental problems that affect large geographic areas. This paper presents an approach for regional risk assessment that combines regional assessment methods and landscape ecology theory with an existing framework for ecological risk assessment. Risk assessment evaluates the effects of an environmental change on a valued natural resource and interprets the significance of those effects in light of the uncertainties identified in each component of the assessment process. Unique and important issues for regional risk assessment are emphasized; these include the definition of the disturbance scenario, the assessment boundary definition, and the spatial heterogeneity of the landscape.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature Cited
Allen, T. F. H., R. V. O'Neill, and T. W. Hoekstra. 1984. Interlevel relations in ecological research and management: some working principles from hierarchy theory. General Technical Report RM-110. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Bailey, R. G. 1983. Delineation of ecosystem regions.Environmental Management 7:365–373.
Bailey, R. G. 1987. Suggested hierarchy criteria for multiscale ecosystem map**.Urban Land Planning 14:313–319.
Barnthouse, L. W., and G. W. Suter II. 1984. Risk assessment ecology.Mechanical Engineering 106:36–39.
Barnthouse, L. W., and G. W. Suter II (eds.). 1986. User's manual for ecological risk assessment. ORNL-6251. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Bormann, F. H. 1987. Landscape ecology and air pollution. Pages 37–57in M. G. Turner (ed.), Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Cohrssen, J. J., and V. T. Covello. 1989. Risk analysis: a guide to principles and methods for analyzing health and environmental risks. Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC.
Cosby, B. J., G. M. Hornberger, P. F. Ryan, and D. M. Wolock. 1987. Evaluating uncertainty in a regional application of an acidification model.Eos 68:1289.
Dailey, N. S., and R. J. Olson. 1987. Proceedings of the workshop on regionalization of aquatic impacts using the Adirondacks as a case study. ORNL/TM-10044. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Dale, V. H., and R. H. Gardner. 1987. Assessing regional impacts of growth declines using a forest succession model.Environmental Management 24:83–93.
Emanuel, W. R., H. H. Shugart, and M. P. Stevenson. 1985a. Climatic change and the broad-scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes.Climatic Change 7:26–43.
Emanuel, W. R., H. H. Shugart, and M. P. Stevenson. 1985b. Response to comment: climatic change and the broad-scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes.Climatic Change 7:457–460.
Franklin, J. F., and R. T. T. Forman. 1987. Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting: Ecological consequences and principles.Landscape Ecology 1:5–18.
Freemark, K. G., and H. G. Merriam. 1986. Importance of area and habitat heterogeneity to bird assemblages in temperate forest fragments.Biological Conservation 37:115–141.
Gardner, R. H. 1984. An unified approach to sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. Pages 155–157in M. H. Hamza (ed.), Applied simulation and modelling, Proceedings, IASTED International Symposium, 4–6 June 1984, San Francisco, California. ACTA Press, Anaheim, California.
Greegor, D. H. 1986. Ecology from space.Bioscience 36(7):429–438.
Hayes, T. D., D. H. Riskind, and W. L. Pace. 1987. Patchwithin-patch restoration of man-modified landscapes within Texas state parks. Pages 173–198in M. G. Turner (ed.), Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Hoffman, F. O., and R. H. Gardner. 1983. Evaluation of uncertainties in environmental radiological assessment models. Pages 11-1–11-55in J. E. Meyer and H. R. Meyer (eds.), Radiological assessment: a textbook on environmental dose assessment. NUREG/CR-3332, ORNL-5968. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC.
Hunsaker, C. T., S. W. Christensen, J. J. Beauchamp, R. J. Olson, R. S. Turner, and J. L. Malanchuk. 1986. Empirical relationships between watershed attributes and headwater lake chemistry in the Adirondack region. ORNL/TM-9838. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Kamari, J., M. Posch, R. H. Gardner, and J. Hettelingh. 1986. A model for analyzing lake water acidification on a large regional scale, part 2: regional application. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
Klemes, V. 1985. Sensitivity of water resource systems to climate variations. WCP-98. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Klopatek, J. M., J. T. Kitchings, R. J. Olson, K. D. Dumar, and L. K. Mann. 1981. A hierarchical system for evaluating regional ecological resources.Biological Conservation 20:271–290.
Krummel, J. R., R. H. Gardner, G. Sugihara, and R. V. O'Neill. 1986. Landscape patterns in a disturbed environment.Oikos 48:321–324.
Levenson, J. B., and F. W. Stearns. 1980. Application of diversity to regional ecological assessment: A review with recommendations. ANL/AA-21. Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois.
McDaniel, T. W., C. T. Hunsaker, and J. J. Beauchamp. 1987. Determining regional water quality patterns and their ecological relationships.Environmental Management 11:507–518.
McHarg, I. 1969. Design with nature. Natural History Press, New York.
Meentemeyer, V., and E. O. Box. 1987. Scale effects in landscape studies. Pages 15–34in M. G. Turner (ed.), Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance. Springer-Verlag, New York.
NASA. 1987. Linking remote-sensing technology and global needs: a strategic vision. NASA, Washington, DC.
Noss, R. F. 1983. A regional landscape approach to maintain diversity.BioScience 33:700–706.
Omernik, J. M. 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States.Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77:118–125.
O'Neill, R. V., J. R. Krummel, R. H. Gardner, G. Sugihara, B. Jackson, D. L. DeAngelis, B. Milne, M. G. Turner, B. Zygmutt, S. W. Christensen, V. H. Dale, and R. L. Graham. 1988. Indices of landscape pattern.Landscape Ecology 1:153–162.
Rohm, C. M., J. W. Giese, and C. C. Bennett. 1987. Evaluation of an aquatic ecoregion classification of streams in Arkansas.Journal of Freshwater Ecology 4:127–140.
Sharpe, D. M., G. R. Guntenspergen, C. P. Dunn, L. A. Leitner, and F. Sterns. 1987. Vegetation dynamics in a southern Wisconsin agricultural landscape. Pages 137–155in M. G. Turner (ed.), Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Solomon, A. M. 1986. Transient response of forests to CO2-induced climate change: simulation modeling experiments in eastern North America.Oecologia 68:567–579.
Suter, G. W., L. W. Barnthouse, and R. V. O'Neill. 1987. Treatment of risk in environmental impact assessment.Environmental Management 11:295–303.
Thornton, K. W., M. R. Church, B. J. Cosby, S. Gherini, and J. S. Schnoor. 1987. Identifying factors controlling long-term acidification through the use of multiple models.Eos 68:1289.
Tucker, C. J., and P. J. Sellers. 1986. Satellite remote sensing of primary production.International Journal of Remote Sensing 4:1395–1416.
Tucker, C. J., J. R. G. Townshend, and T. Goff. 1986. Continental land cover classification using NOAA-7 AVHRR data.Science 227:369–375.
Turner, M. G. (ed.). 1987a. Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Turner, M. G. 1987b. Simulation of landscape changes in Georgia: a comparison of 3 transition models.Landscape Ecology 1:29–36.
USDOE (US Department of Energy). 1981. Regional issue identification and assessment. Washington, DC.
USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). 1986. Characteristics of lakes in the eastern United States. EPA/600/4-86/007a. Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.
van Dorp, D., and P. F. M. Opdam. 1987. Effects of patch size, isolation and regional abundance on forest bird communities.Landscape Ecology 1:59–73.
Westman, W. E. 1985. Ecology, impact assessment, and environmental planning. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Although the research described in this article has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through Interagency Agreement Number DW89932112-01-2 to the U.S. Department of Energy, it has not been subjected to EPA review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of EPA and no official endorsement should be inferred.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hunsaker, C.T., Graham, R.L., Suter, G.W. et al. Assessing ecological risk on a regional scale. Environmental Management 14, 325–332 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02394200
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02394200