Summary
A subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in the squirrel monkey was produced by injection of blood via a permanently implanted catheter connected to the cisterna magna and a cannula stereotactically inserted into the interpeduncular cistern. Repeated angiographic examinations of the vertebro-basilar and right internal carotid arteries revealed a biphasic vasospasm with a maximal acute spasm at ten minutes and maximal late spasm at six days after blood injection. The present study has shown that a reproducible biphasic vasospasm can be produced in the squirrel monkey and evaluated by repeated angiographic examinations. The model is suitable in the study of basic mechanisms underlying vasospasm in a primate and, due to the size of the animal, autoradiographic evaluation of the cerebral blood flow and metabolism can be performed at an acceptable cost.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bergvall U, Galera R (1969) Time relationship between subarachnoid haemorrhage, arterial spasm, changes in cerebral circulation and posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Acta Radiol (Diagn) 9: 229–237
Brawley BW, Strandness DE Jr, Kelly WA (1968) The biphasic response of cerebral vasospasm in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage, J Neurosurg 28: 1–8
Brizzee KR, Dunlap WP (1987) Local brainstem glucose utilization in the squirrel monkey. Brain Res Bull 19: 191–194
Delgado TJ, Brismar J, Svendgaard NAa (1985) Subarachnoid haemorrhage in the rat: angiography and fluorescence microscopy of the major cerebral arteries. Stroke 16(4): 595–602
Delgado TJ, Arbab MA-R, Warberg J,et al (1988) The role of vasopressin in acute cerebral vasospasm. Effects on spasm of a vasopressin antagonist or vasopresin antiserum. J Neurosurg 68: 266–273
Delgado-Zygmunt TJ, Arbab MA-R, Edvinsson L, Jansen I, Svendgaard NAa (1990) Prevention of cerebral vasospasm in the rat by depeltion or inhibition of substance P in conducting vessels. J Neurosurg 72: 917–925
duBoulay G, Symon L, Shah S,et al (1972) Cerebral arterial reactivity and spasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Proc Royal Soc Med London 65: 80–82
Ecker A, Riemenschneider PA (1951) Arteriographic demonstration of spasm of the intracranial arteries: with special reference to saccular arterial aneurisms. J Neurosurg 8: 660–667
Espinosa F, Weir B, Boisvert D,et al (1982) Chronic cerebral vasospasm after large subarachnoid haemorrhage in monkeys. J Neurosurg 57: 224–232
Espinosa F, Weir B, Overton T,et al (1984) A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial of nimodipine after SAH in monkeys. Part 1: clinical and radiological findings. J Neurosurg 60: 1167–1175
Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM (1980) Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid haemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery 6: 1–9
Frazee JG (1982) A primate model of chronic cerebral vasospasm. Stroke 13(5): 612–614
Frazee JG, Bevan JA, Bevan RD,et al (1985) Effect of diltiazem on experimental chronic cerebral vasoconstriction in the primate. J Neurosurg 62: 912–917
Gabrielsen TO, Greiz T (1970) Normal size of the internal carotid, middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries. Acta Radiol (Diagn) 10: 1–10
Inagawa T, Kamiya K, Matsuda Y (1991) Effect of continuous cisternal drainage on cerebral vasospasm. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 112: 28–36
Kagström E, Greitz T, Hanson J,et al (1966) Changes in cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Excerpta Med Int Congr Ser 110: 629–633
Kagström E, Nilsson PE, Svendgaard NAa (1969) Clinical and experimental spasm of the cerebral vessels. Excerpta Med Int Congr Ser 193: 60
Kuwayama A, Zervas NT, Belson R,et al (1972) A model for experimental cerebral arterial spasm. Stroke 3. 49–56
Mizukami M, Takemae T, Tazawa T,et al (1980) Value of computed tomography in the prediction of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysm rupture. Neurosurgery 7: 583–586
Nosko M, Weir BKA, Lunt A,et al (1987) Effect of clot removal at 24 hours on chronic vasospasm after SAH in the primate model. J Neurosurg 66: 416–422
Peerless SJ, Fox AJ, Komatsu S,et al (1982) Angiographic study of vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage in monkeys. Stroke 13(4): 473–479
Robertson EG (1949) Cerebral lesions due to intracranial aneurysms. Brain 72: 150–185
Sahlin C, Brismar J, Delgado T,et al (1987) Cerebrovascular and metabolic changes during the delayed vasospasm following experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage in baboons, and treatment with a calcium antagonist. Brain Res 403: 313–322
Simeone FA, Ryan KG, Cotter JR (1968) Prolonged experimental cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg 29: 357–366
Simeone FA, Trepper PJ, Brown DJ (1972) Cerebral blood flow evaluation of prolonged experimental vasospasm. J Neurosurg 37: 302–311
Suzuki J, Komatsu S, Sato T (1980) Correlation between CT findings and subsequent development of cerebral infarction due to vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 55: 63–70
Svendgaard N-A, Brismar J, Delgado T,et al (1983) Late cerebral arterial spasm: the cerebrovascular response to hypercapnia, induced hypertension and the effect of nimodipine on blood flow autoregulation in experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage in primates. Gen Pharmac 14: 167–172
Svendgaard N-A, Brismar J, Delgado TJ,et al (1985 a) The effect on the development of cerebral vasospasm in the rat of lesioning of the peripheral and central catecholamine systems. Neurol Res 7: 30–34
Svendgaard N-A, Brismar J, Delgado TJ,et al (1985 b) Subarachnoid haemorrhage in the rat: effect on the development of vasospasm of selective lesions of the catecholamine systems in the lower brainstem. Stroke 16: 602–608
Svendgaard N-A, Delgado TJ, Brun A (1986) Effect of selective lesions in the hypothalamic-pituitary region on the development of cerebral vasospasm following an experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 6: 650–657
Svendgaard N-A, Arbab MA-R, Delgado TJ,et al (1987) Effect of selective lesions of medullary catecholamine nuclei on experimental cerebral vasospasm in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol 7: 21–28
Weir B, Grace M, Hansen J,et al (1978) Time course of vasospasm in man. J Neurosurg 48: 173–178
Yaşargil MG (1984) Microneurosurgery, Vol 1. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 5–53
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Delgado-Zygmunt, T.J., Arbab, M.A.R., Shiokawa, Y. et al. A primate model for acute and late cerebral vasospasm: Angiographic findings. Acta neurochir 118, 130–136 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01401298
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01401298