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The Contribution of Agroforestry to Restoration and Conservation: Biodiversity Islands in Degraded Landscapes

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Agroforestry for Degraded Landscapes

Abstract

Biodiversity islands can contribute to protect biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes. Agroforestry systems (AFS), as they can harmonize productivity with environmental functions, can be part of biodiversity islands, especially in the buffer zones of protected areas. AFS are heterogeneous in their design and management, with consequences for their restoration and conservation functions. This chapter discusses the role of AFS on restoration and conservation of biodiversity at the ecosystem and landscape levels, with emphasis on tropical Latin America and examples from other regions.

Multistrata AFS of home gardens and successional agroforestry hold the largest biodiversity. Home gardens can be as diverse in humid as in dry ecosystems as people in poorer areas take special care of these AFS that provide for their subsistence. Home gardens are rich in genetic resources as people domesticate preferred native species, and they are also sites for conservation of species that are only found in these AFS, while they have been extirpated from the wild. Development projects are currently working with farmers in identifying lesser known species of fruits and medicinals and other species from home gardens, hel** farmers in nursery establishment as well as reaching specialized markets. Both traditional and modern successional AFS combine restoration and biodiversity objectives.

Perennial crops under shade (coffee, cacao, yerba mate) exist in a range from traditional multistrata assemblages to more simple designs with fewer tree species, and their function in biodiversity conservation varies accordingly. Differential prices paid for organic/biodiversity-friendly products from AFS may act as incentives for promotion of agroforestry-based systems.

Diversity of birds, arthropods, and other fauna is greater in silvopastoral systems (SPS) than in conventional pastures. Tree cover is the main factor associated with diversity in SPS, and a compromise must be found to reach cover that sustains biodiversity while not decreasing productivity. Recent research and development of SPS has resulted in more complex designs such as the intensive SPS (ISPS) which use agroecological principles resulting in more productive and environmentally friendly systems. Payments for environmental services (PES) have been successful in Latin America to promote SPS and ISPS, including planting more native trees (focal species).

Living fences and windbreaks are often the only arboreal component in agricultural landscapes, and they serve roles in connectivity among forest patches. Adding more complexity to these linear systems contributes to their biodiversity value, but it may compromise their utilitarian functions. Recommendations are given to use AFS designs and practices to favor biodiversity and their inclusion as part of biodiversity islands.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks to Brett Levin (Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies) who provided valuable assistance in the preparation of this chapter and to Kjell Berg for his continued input and encouragement.

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  1. School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Florencia Montagnini

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  1. Natural Resource Management Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India

    Jagdish Chander Dagar

  2. Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India

    Sharda Rani Gupta

  3. Department of Range and Forest Resources, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (BUAN), Gaborone, Botswana

    Demel Teketay

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Montagnini, F. (2020). The Contribution of Agroforestry to Restoration and Conservation: Biodiversity Islands in Degraded Landscapes. In: Dagar, J.C., Gupta, S.R., Teketay, D. (eds) Agroforestry for Degraded Landscapes. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4136-0_15

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