Abstract
The abundant volume of natural language text in the connected world, though having a large content of knowledge, but it is becoming increasingly difficult to disseminate it by a human to discover the knowledge/wisdom in it, specifically within any given time limits. The automated NLP is aimed to do this job effectively and with accuracy, like a human does it (for a limited of amount text). This chapter presents the challenges of NLP, progress so far made in this field, NLP applications, components of NLP, and grammar of English languageāthe way machine requires it. In addition, covers the specific areas like probabilistic parsing, ambiguities and their resolution, information extraction, discourse analysis, NL question-answering, commonsense interfaces, commonsense thinking and reasoning, causal-diversity, and various tools for NLP. Finally, the chapter summary, and a set of relevant exercises are presented.
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Notes
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Kheer: A sweet dish, like porridge, popular among the Indians.
- 2.
Anaphora: making use of a pronoun or similar word instead of repeating a word used earlier.
- 3.
Context: Relationship with adjacent and related words in a sentence, or phrase, or a paragraph.
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Exercises
Exercises
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1.
What are the challenges of NLP?
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2.
Give one example of the following ambiguities:
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a.
Phonetic
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b.
Syntactic
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c.
Pragmatic
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a.
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3.
What are the applications of NLP?
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4.
Develop the parse-tree to generate the sentence āRajan slept on the benchā using following rewrite rules:
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5.
Draw the tree for the following phrases:
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a.
after 5 pm.
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b.
on Tuesday.
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c.
From Delhi.
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d.
Any delay at Mumbai.
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a.
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6.
Draw the tree structures for the following sentences:
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a.
I would like to fly on Air India.
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b.
I need to fly between Delhi and Mumbai.
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c.
Please repeat again.
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a.
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7.
Convert the following passive voice to active voice. Construct the necessary trees. Also write the steps. The village was looted by dacoits.
$$\begin{aligned} S&\rightarrow NP~~VP \\ NP&\rightarrow N\\ NP&\rightarrow Det~~N\\ VP&\rightarrow V~~PP \\ PP&\rightarrow Prep~~NP\\ N&\rightarrow Rajan \mid bench \\ Det&\rightarrow the\\ prep&\rightarrow on \end{aligned}$$ -
8.
Given the parse-tree in Fig.Ā 19.19, construct the grammar for this.
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9.
Construct the grammars and parse-tree for the following sentences.
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a.
The boy who was slee** was awakened.
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b.
The boy who was slee** on the table was awakened.
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c.
Jack slept on the table.
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a.
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10.
Construct the parse-trees and resolve the ambiguities in the following sentences using āselectional constraintā. Also, specify whether the ambiguities are syntactic, semantic, or some other?
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a.
āHe saw the man with the horse.ā
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b.
āhe saw the man with gun.ā
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c.
āHe saw the man with binocular.ā
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a.
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11.
What are the different types of ambiguities in natural language, like English?
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Chowdhary, K.R. (2020). Natural Language Processing. In: Fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3972-7_19
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