Abstract
Optimistic fair exchange is a kind of protocols to solve the problem of fair exchange between two parties. Almost all the previous work on this topic are provably secure only in the random oracle model. In PKC 2007, Dodis et al. considered optimistic fair exchange in a multi-user setting, and showed that the security of an optimistic fair exchange in a single-user setting may no longer be secure in a multi-user setting. Besides, they also proposed one and reviewed several previous construction paradigms and showed that they are secure in the multi-user setting. However, their proofs are either in the random oracle model, or involving a complex and very inefficient NP-reduction. Furthermore, they only considered schemes in the certified-key model in which each user has to show his knowledge of the private key corresponding to his public key.
In this paper, we make the following contributions. First, we consider a relaxed model called chosen-key model in the context of optimistic fair exchange, in which the adversary can arbitrarily choose public keys without showing the knowledge of the private keys. We separate the security of optimistic fair exchange in the chosen-key model from the certified-key model by giving a concrete counterexample. Second, we strengthen the previous static security model in the multi-user setting to a more practical one which allows an adversary to choose a key adaptively. Third, we propose an efficient and generic optimistic fair exchange scheme in the multi-user setting and chosen-key model. The security of our construction is proven without random oracles. We also propose some efficient instantiations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asokan, N., Schunter, M., Waidner, M.: Optimistic protocols for fair exchange. In: CCS, pp. 7–17. ACM Press, New York (1997)
Asokan, N., Shoup, V., Waidner, M.: Optimistic fair exchange of digital signatures (extended abstract). In: Nyberg, K. (ed.) EUROCRYPT 1998. LNCS, vol. 1403, pp. 591–606. Springer, Heidelberg (1998)
Asokan, N., Shoup, V., Waidner, M.: Optimistic fair exchange of digital signatures. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication 18(4), 593–610 (2000)
Bao, F., Wang, G., Zhou, J., Zhu, H.: Analysis and improvement of Micali’s fair contract signing protocol. In: Wang, H., Pieprzyk, J., Varadharajan, V. (eds.) ACISP 2004. LNCS, vol. 3108, pp. 176–187. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Barak, B., Canetti, R., Nielsen, J.B., Pass, R.: Universally composable protocols with relaxed set-up assumptions. In: FOCS 2004, pp. 186–195. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2004)
Bender, A., Katz, J., Morselli, R.: Ring signatures: Stronger definitions, and constructions without random oracles. In: Halevi, S., Rabin, T. (eds.) TCC 2006. LNCS, vol. 3876, pp. 60–79. Springer, Heidelberg (2006), http://eprint.iacr.org/
Boneh, D., Boyen, X.: Short signatures without random oracles. In: Cachin, C., Camenisch, J.L. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2004. LNCS, vol. 3027, pp. 56–73. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Boneh, D., Gentry, C., Lynn, B., Shacham, H.: Aggregate and verifiably encrypted signatures from bilinear maps. In: EUROCRYPT 2003. LNCS, vol. 2656, pp. 416–432. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Boneh, D., Goh, E.-J., Nissim, K.: Evaluating 2-DNF formulas on ciphertexts. In: Kilian, J. (ed.) TCC 2005. LNCS, vol. 3378, pp. 325–341. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Boyen, X.: Mesh signatures: How to leak a secret with unwitting and unwilling participants. In: Naor, M. (ed.) EUROCRYPT 2007. LNCS, vol. 4515, pp. 210–227. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Camenisch, J., Damgård, I.: Verifiable encryption, group encryption, and their applications to separable group signatures and signature sharing schemes. In: Okamoto, T. (ed.) ASIACRYPT 2000. LNCS, vol. 1976, pp. 331–345. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Dodis, Y., Lee, P.J., Yum, D.H.: Optimistic fair exchange in a multi-user setting. In: Okamoto, T., Wang, X. (eds.) PKC 2007. LNCS, vol. 4450, pp. 118–133. Springer, Heidelberg (2007) Also at Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2007/182, http://eprint.iacr.org/
Dodis, Y., Reyzin, L.: Breaking and repairing optimistic fair exchange from PODC 2003. In: DRM 2003, pp. 47–54. ACM Press, New York (2003)
Goldwasser, S., Micali, S., Rivest, R.: A digital signature scheme secure against adaptive chosen-message attack. SIAM J. Computing 17(2), 281–308 (1988)
Groth, J.: Ring signatures of sub-linear size without random oracles. In: Arge, L., Cachin, C., Jurdziński, T., Tarlecki, A. (eds.) ICALP 2007. LNCS, vol. 4596, pp. 423–434. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Kremer, S.: Formal Analysis of Optimistic Fair Exchange Protocols. PhD thesis, Université Libre de Bruxelles (2003)
Lu, S., Ostrovsky, R., Sahai, A., Shacham, H., Waters, B.: Sequential aggregate signatures and multisignatures without random oracles. In: Vaudenay, S. (ed.) EUROCRYPT 2006. LNCS, vol. 4004, pp. 465–485. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Lysyanskaya, A., Micali, S., Reyzin, L., Shacham, H.: Sequential aggregate signatures from trapdoor permutations. In: Cachin, C., Camenisch, J.L. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2004. LNCS, vol. 3027, pp. 74–90. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Micali, S.: Simple and fast optimistic protocols for fair electronic exchange. In: PODC 2003, pp. 12–19. ACM Press, New York (2003)
Park, J.M., Chong, E.K.P., Siegel, H.J.: Constructing fair-exchange protocols for e-commerce via distributed computation of RSA signatures. In: PODC 2003, pp. 172–181. ACM Press, New York (2003)
Rivest, R., Shamir, A., Tauman, Y.: How to leak a secret. In: Boyd, C. (ed.) ASIACRYPT 2001. LNCS, vol. 2248, pp. 552–565. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Shacham, H., Waters, B.: Efficient ring signatures without random oracles. In: Okamoto, T., Wang, X. (eds.) PKC 2007. LNCS, vol. 4450, pp. 166–180. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Wang, G.: An abuse-free fair contract signing protocol based on the RSA signature. In: Proceedings of 14th International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW 2005, pp. 412–421. ACM Press, New York (2005)
Waters, B.: Efficient identity-based encryption without random oracles. In: Cramer, R.J.F. (ed.) EUROCRYPT 2005. LNCS, vol. 3494, pp. 114–127. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Zhang, Z., Zhou, Y., Feng, D.: Efficient and optimistic fair exchanges based on standard RSA with provable security. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2003/178 (2004), http://eprint.iacr.org/
Zhu, H.: Constructing optimistic fair exchange protocols from committed signatures. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2005/012 (2003), http://eprint.iacr.org/
Zhu, H., Bao, F.: Stand-alone and setup-free verifiably committed signatures. In: Pointcheval, D. (ed.) CT-RSA 2006. LNCS, vol. 3860, pp. 159–173. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Zhu, H., Susilo, W., Mu, Y.: Multi-party stand-alone and setup-free verifiably committed signatures. In: Okamoto, T., Wang, X. (eds.) PKC 2007. LNCS, vol. 4450, pp. 134–149. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Huang, Q., Yang, G., Wong, D.S., Susilo, W. (2008). Efficient Optimistic Fair Exchange Secure in the Multi-user Setting and Chosen-Key Model without Random Oracles . In: Malkin, T. (eds) Topics in Cryptology – CT-RSA 2008. CT-RSA 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4964. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79263-5_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79263-5_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-79262-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-79263-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)