Abstract
We examine the material deprivation of foreigners on a sub-sample of the 2009 Italian Survey on Income and Living Conditions carried out by Istat. We employ an index of material deprivation that takes into account the regional level of analysis, and relies on the assignment of weights to deprivation items. The effects produced on material deprivation by several variables, interpreted as determinants, are investigated through a zero-inflated beta regression model.
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Notes
- 1.
The first official sample surveys on foreigners are very recent. We refer to the Istat IT-Silc 2009 survey on households with foreigner members (recently released) and to the 2008 Labour force survey on the integration of immigrants.
- 2.
For a detailed review on the issue see the recent contribution by Decancq et al. [35].
- 3.
For a review of alternative weighting techniques see Nardo et al. [36].
- 4.
Explanatory variables were chosen recurring to the stepwise procedure and suggestions from the literature on living conditions and on material deprivation of foreigners in Italy.
- 5.
The explanatory variables included in the zero-inflated beta model are: gender, age, education (up to upper secondary school, higher secondary school, tertiary school), labour market position (employee, self-employed, unemployed, inactive), household composition (one person household, two adults without children, single parent household with children, two adults with children, other household with dependent children), working intensity (WI) status in four classes as defined by Eurostat, having an Italian partner (respect to a foreign partner), tenants (respect to home owners), EU citizen (respect to extra-EU), self-assessed health (bad or very bad).
- 6.
In the beta model positive estimates indicate the amount of increase in the MD index that would be due to an increase (or to a change in state) in the explanatory variables, whereas in the logit model positive estimates indicate the amount of increase in the predicted probability of being not deprived. This is the reason why in most cases the same covariates show opposite signs in the two parts of the zero-inflated beta model. All the estimates are reported on the logit scale.
- 7.
The work intensity status, computed at the household level, summarises the work status over the past year for all work age household members (from 18 to 64 years old). This measure is calculated by Eurostat taking into account the ratio of worked months over workable months, averaged over all work age household members and categorised as follows: WI = 0, 0 < WI < 0.5, 0.5 ≤ WI < 1, WI = 1.
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Acknowledgements
Although the paper is common responsibility of all authors, Sects. 1 and 7 can be attributed to A.M. Milito, Sects. 2 and 4 to A.M. Oliveri and Sects. 3, 5 and 6 to A. Busetta. The paper has received financial support from the University of Palermo [grant no. ORPA07ZMAE under the responsibility of Anna Maria Milito].
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Busetta, A., Milito, A.M., Oliveri, A.M. (2016). The Material Deprivation of Foreigners: Measurement and Determinants. In: Alleva, G., Giommi, A. (eds) Topics in Theoretical and Applied Statistics. Studies in Theoretical and Applied Statistics(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27274-0_16
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