Abstract
Why do some birds migrate during daytime and others at night? Why do some fly at high altitudes and others at lower altitudes? Whereas no comprehensive explanation of the diel schedule and altitude of migration has been proposed, several hypotheses have been advanced to explain nocturnal migration. These hypotheses focus on the need to forage during daylight (Brewster, 1886; Palmgren, 1949; Dorst, 1962), on predator avoidance (Lincoln, 1952), and on avoidance of atmospheric turbulence (Nisbet, 1955; Raynor, 1956; Bellrose, 1967). In addition, some authorities have suggested that the daily timing of migration is related to dietary habits or mode of migratory flight (Dorst, 1962; Baker, 1978). We argue that the diel schedule and altitude of bird migration have evolved in response to predictable variations in the structure of the atmosphere during its daily cycle.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Able, K. P., 1970, A radar study of the altitude of nocturnal passerine migration, Bird-Banding 41:282–290.
Able, K. P., 1973, The role of weather variables and flight direction in determining the magnitude of nocturnal bird migration, Ecology 54:1031–1041.
Able, K. P., 1974, Wind, track, heading, and the flight orientation of migrating songbirds, in: The Biological Aspects of Bird/Aircraft Collision Problems (S. A. Gauthreaux, Jr., ed.), Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Clemson, South Carolina, pp.331–357.
Able, K. P., 1980, Mechanisms of orientation, navigation, and homing, in: Animai Migration, Orientation, and Navigation (S. A. Gauthreaux, Jr., ed.), Academic, New York, pp. 283–373.
Adams, D. W. H., 1962, Radar observations of bird migration in Cyprus, Ibis 104:133–146.
Alerstam, T., 1972, Nocturnal bird migration in Skane, Sweden, as recorded by radar in autumn 1971, Ornis Scand. 3:141–151.
Alerstam, T., 1975, Crane Grus grus migration over sea and land, Ibis 117:489–495.
Alerstam, T., 1976, Nocturnal migration of thrushes (Turdus spp.) in southern Sweden, Oikos 27:457–475.
Alerstam, T., 1981, The course and timing of bird migration, in: Animai Migration (D. J. Aidley, ed.), Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 9–54.
Alerstam, T., and Ulfstrand, S., 1972, Radar and field observations of diurnal bird migration in Sweden, Autumn 1971, Omis Scand. 3:99–139.
Alerstam, T., and Ulfstrand, S., 1974. A radar study of the autumn migration of woodpigeons Columba palumbus in southern Sweden, Ibis 116:522–542.
Alerstam, T., and Ulfstrand, S., 1975, Diurnal migration of passerine birds over south Sweden in relation to wind direction and topography, Ornis Scand. 6:135–149.
Alerstam, T., Bauer, C. A., and Roos, G., 1974, Spring migration of Eiders Somateria mollissima in southern Sweden, Ibis 116:194–210.
Bairlein, F., 1985, Body weights and fat deposition of Palaearctic passerine migrants in the central Sahara, Oecologia 66:141–146.
Balachandran, N. K., and Donn, W. L., 1964, Short-and long-period gravity waves over northeastern United States, Mthly Weather Rev. 92:423–426.
Baker, R. R., 1978, The Evolutionary Ecology of Animal Migration, Holmes & Meier, New York.
Beaman, M., and Galea, C., 1974, The visible migration of raptors over the Maltese Islands, Ibis 116:419–431.
Beason, R. C., 1978, The influences of weather and topography on waterbird migration in the southwestern United States, Oecologia 32:153–160.
Bellrose, F. C., 1966, Orientation in waterfowl migration, in: Animal Orientation and Navigation (R. M. Storm, ed.), Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, pp. 73–99.
Bellrose, F., 1967, Radar in orientation research, in: Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Ornithology Congress, pp. 281-309.
Bellrose, F., 1971, The distribution of nocturnal migrants in the air space, Auk. 88:397–424.
Bellrose, F., and Graber, R. R., 1963, A radar study of the flight direction of nocturnal migrants, Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Ornithology Congress, pp. 362-389.
Bellrose, F., and Sieh, J. G., 1960, Massed waterfowl flights in the Mississippi Flyway, 1956 and 1957, Wilson Bull. 72:29–59.
Bergman, G., 1978, Effects of wind conditions on the autumn migration of waterfowl between the White Sea area and the Baltic region, Oikos 30:393–397.
Bergman, G., and Donner, K. O., 1971, Wind drift during spring migration of Common Scoter (Melanitta nigra) and the Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis), Die Vogelwarte 26:157–159.
Berthold, P., 1975, Migration control and metabolic physiology, in: Avian Biology, Vol. 5 (D. S. Farner and J. R. King, eds.), Academic, New York, pp. 77–128.
Biebach, H., Friedrich, W., and Heine, G., 1986, Interaction of bodymass, fat, foraging and stopover period in trans-Sahara migrating passerine birds, Oecologia 69:370–379.
Bingman, V. P., 1980, Inland morning flight behavior of nocturnal passerine migrants in eastern New York, Auk 97:465–472.
Blem, C., 1980, The energetics of migration, in: Animai Migration, Orientation, and Navigation (S. A. Gauthreaux, Jr., ed.), Academic, New York, pp. 175–224.
Blokpoel, H., and Burton, J., 1975, Weather and height of nocturnal migration in eastcentral Alberta: A radar study, Bird-Banding 46:31–328.
Brewer, R., and Ellis, J. A., 1958, An analysis of migrating birds killed at a television tower in east-central Illinois, Sept. 1955–May 1957, Auk 75:400–414.
Brewster, W., 1886, Bird Migration, Memoirs Nuttall Ornithological Club 1, Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Broun, M., 1949, Hawks Aloft; The Story of Hawk Mountain, Dodd, Mead, New York.
Broun, M., and Goodwin, B. V., 1943, Flight-speeds of hawks and crows, Auk 60:487–492.
Bruderer, B., 1971, Radar beobachtungen uber den Fruhlingszug im Schweizerischen Mittelland, Ornithol Beoh. 68:89–158.
Bruderer, B. and Steidinger, P., 1972, Methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of bird migration with a tracking radar, NASA Spec. Publ. 262:151–167.
Casement, M. B., 1966, Migration across the Mediterranean observed by radar, Ibis. 108:461–491.
Cherry, J. D., 1982, Fat deposition and length of stopover of migrant White-crowned Sparrows, Auk 99:725–732.
Cipriano, R. J., 1975, Sailplane measurements of planetary boundary layer structure, M. S. thesis, State University of New York, Albany.
Cipriano, R., and Kerlinger, P., 1985, Estimating the altitude of hawk migration, in: Proceedings of the Fourth Hawk Migration Conference (M. Harwood, ed.), Hawk Migration Association of North America, Washington, D.C., pp. 67–73.
Cochran, W. W., 1985, Ocean migration of Peregrine Falcons: Is the adult male pelagic? Proceedings of the Fourth Migration Conference (M. Harwood, ed.), Hawk Migration Association of North American, Washington, D.C., pp. 223–237.
Cochran, W. W., Montgomery, G. G., and Graber, R. R., 1967, Migratory flights of Hylocichla thrushes in spring: A radiotelemetry study, Living Bird 6:213–225.
Cochran, W. W., and Kjos, C. G., 1985, Wind drift and migration of thrushes: A telemetry study, Ill. Nat. Hist. Bull. 33:297–330.
Cone, C. D., Jr., 1962, Thermal soaring of birds, Am. Sci. 50:180–209.
Crawford, R. L., 1984, Patterns of spring and fall migration in Northwest Florida, J. Field Ornithol. 55:196–203.
Dawson, W. R., 1982, Evaporative losses of water by birds, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 71A:495–509.
Dorst, J., 1962, The Migration of Birds, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Drury, W. H., and Keith, J. A., 1962, Radar studies of songbird migration in coastal New England, Ibis 104:449–489.
Dugan, P. J., 1981, The importance of nocturnal foraging in shorebirds: A consequence of increased invertebrate prey activity, in: Feeding and Survival Strategies of Estuarine Organisms (N. V. Jones and W. J. Wolff, eds.), Plenum, New York, pp. 101–125.
Eastwood, E., and Rider, G. C., 1965, Some radar measurements of the altitude of birds flight, Br. Birds 58:393–426.
Edelstam, C., 1972, The visible migration of birds at Ottenby, Sweden, Var Fagelv. Suppl. 7:1–360.
Evans, P. R., 1968, Autumn movements and orientation of waders in northeast England and southern Scotland, studied by radar, Bird Study 15:53–64.
Evans, P. R., and Lathbury, G. W., 1973, Raptor migration across the Straits of Gibraltar, Ibis 115:527–585.
Finlayson, J. C., Garcia, E. F. J., Mosquera, M. A., and Bourne, W. R. P., 1976, Raptor migration across the Strait of Gibraltar, Br. Birds 69:77–87.
Flock, W. L., and Bellrose, F. C., 1970, Radar detection of birds: A radar study of bird migration in the central United States, in: Proceedings of the World Conference on Bird Hazards to Aircraft (S. A. Gauthreaux, Jr., ed.), Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Clemson, South Carolina, pp. 273–283.
Gass, C. L., 1979, Territory regulation, tenure, and migration in rufous hummingbirds, Can. J. Zool. 57:914–923.
Gauthreaux, S. A., Jr., 1971, A radar and direct visual study of passerine spring migration in southern Louisiana, Auk 83: 361–367.
Gauthreaux, S. A., Jr., 1972, Behavioral responses of migrating birds to daylight and darkness: A radar and direct visual study, Wilson Bull. 84:136–148.
Gauthreaux, S. A., Jr., 1978, Importance of the daytime flights of nocturnal migrants: Redetermined migration following displacement, in: Animai Migration, Navigation and Homing (K. Schmidt-Koenig and W. T. Keeton, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 219–227.
Graber, R. R., 1968, Nocturnal migration in Illinois—Different points of view, Wilson Bull 80:36–71.
Graber, R. R., and Hassler, S. S., 1962, The effectiveness of aircraft-type (APS) radar in detecting birds, Wilson Bull. 74:367–380.
Griffin, D. R., 1969, The physiology and geophysics of bird navigation, Q. Bev. Biol. 44:255–276.
Griffin, D. R., 1973, Oriented bird migration in or between opaque cloud layers, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 117:117–141.
Grimes, L. G., 1974, Radar tracks of palaearctic waders departing from the coast of Ghana in spring, Ibis 116:165–171.
Hall, G. A., and Bell, R. K., 1981, The diurnal migration of passerines long as Appalachian ridge, Am. Birds 35:135–138.
Hardy, K. H., and Katz, I., 1969, Probing the clear atmosphere with high resolution radars, Proc. IEEE 57:468–488.
Hardy, K. H., and Ottensten, H., 1969, Radar investigations of convective patterns in the clear atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci. 26:666–672.
Hart, J. S., and Roy, O. Z., 1966, Respiratory and cardiac responses to flight in pigeons, Physiol Zool. 39:291–306.
Hassler, S. S., Graber, R. R., and Bellrose, F. C., 1963, Fall migration and weather: a radar study, Wilson Bull. 75:56–77.
Haugh, J. R., 1972, A study of hawk migration in eastern North America, Search 2:1–60.
Hebrard, J. J., 1971, The nightly initiation of passerine migration in spring: A direct visual study, Ibis 113:8–18.
Hilborn, R., and Stearns, S. C., 1982, On inference in ecology and evolution biology: The problem of multiple causes, Acta Biotheor. 31:145–164.
Hilditch, C. D. M., Williams, T. C., and Nisbet, I. C. T., 1973, Autumnal bird migration over Antigua, W. I., Bird-Banding 44:171–179.
Hooke, W. H., and Jones, R. M., 1986, Dissipative waves excited by gravity-wave encounters in the stably stratified planetary boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci. 43:2048–2061.
Hopkins, D., Mersereau, G. S., Mitchell, J. B., Roberts, P. M., Robinson, L. J., and Welch, W. A., 1979, Motor-glider and cine-theodolite study of the 1979 fall Broad-winged Hawk migration in southern New England, Connecticut Audubon Council, Tariffville, Connecticut.
Houghton, E. W., 1974, Highlights of the NATO-Gibraltar bird migration radar study. Bird Strike Committee Europe Report, Paris, 1973, Royal Radar Establishment, London.
Ireland, L. C., and Williams, T. C., 1974, Radar observations of bird migration over Bermuda, in: Proceedings of the Conference on Bird/Aircraft Strike Hazard (S. A. Gauthreaux, Jr., ed.), Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Clemson, South Carolina, pp. 383–408.
Johnson, C. G., 1969, Migration and Dispersal of insects by Flight, Methuen, London.
Johnson, S. R., and Richardson, W. J., 1982, Waterbird migration near the Yukon and Alaska coast of the Beaufort Sea. II. Moult migration of sea ducks in summer. Arctic 35:291–301.
Kerlinger, P., 1982, The migration of Common Loons through eastern New York, Condor 84:97–100.
Kerlinger, P., and Gauthreaux, S. A., Jr., 1984, Flight behaviour of sharp-shinned hawks during migration. I. Over land, Anim. Behav. 32:1021–1028.
Kerlinger, P., and Gauthreaux, S. A., Jr., 1985a, Seasonal timing, geographic distribution and flight behavior of Broad-winged Hawks during spring migration in south Texas: A radar and visual study, Auk. 102:735–743.
Kerlinger, P., and Gauthreaux, S. A., Jr., 1985b, Flight behavior of raptors during spring migration in south Texas studied with radar and visual observations, J. Field Ornithol. 56:394–402.
Kerlinger, P., Bingman, V. P., and Able, K. P., 1985, Comparative flight behaviour of migrating hawks studied with tracking radar during autumn in central New York, Can. J. Zool. 63:755–761.
Kessel, B., 1984, Migration of Sandhill Cranes, Grus canadensis, in east-central Alaska, with routes through Alaska and western Canada, Can. Field-Nat. 98:279–292.
Kodric-Brown, A., and Brown, J. H., 1978, Influence of economics, interspecific competition, and sexual dimorphism on territoriality of migrant rufous hummingbirds, Ecology 59:285–296.
Konrad, T. G., 1970, The dynamics of the convective process in clear air as seen by radar, J. Atmos. Sci. 27:1138–1147.
Konrad, T. G., and Brennan, J. S., 1971, Radar observations of the convective process in the clear air—A review, Aero-Revue 46:425–489.
Lack, D., 1960a, The height of bird migration, Br. Birds. 53:5–10.
Lack, D., 1960b, Migration across the North Sea studied by radar. 2. The spring departure 1956–1959, Ibis. 102:26–57.
Lack, D., 1962, Migration across the southern North Sea studied by radar. 3. Movements in June and July, Ibis 104:74–85.
Lack, D., 1963, Migration across the southern North Sea studied by radar. 4. Autumn, Ibis 105:1–54.
Lack, D., and Lack, E., 1952, Visible migration at Land’s End, Br. Birds 45:81–96.
Larkin, R. P., 1982, Spatial distribution of migrating birds and small-scale atmospheric motion, in: Avian Navigation (F. Papi and H. Wallraff, eds.), pp. 28–37. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Lee, S. L. B., 1963, Migration in the Outer Hebrides studied with radar, Ibis 105:493–515.
Lenschow, D. H., 1970, Airplane measurements of planetary boundary layer structure, J. Appl. Meteor. 9:874–882.
Lincoln, F. C., 1952, Migration of Birds, Doubleday, Garden City, New Jersey.
Lowery, G. H., Jr., 1951, A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 3:361–472.
Manton, M. J., 1977, On the structure of convection, Boundary-Layer Meteor. 12:491–503.
Mascher, J. W., Stolt, B-O., and Wallin, L., 1962, Migration in spring recorded by radar and field observations in Sweden, Ibis 104:205–215.
Masman, D., and Klaassen, M., 1987, Energy expenditure during free flight in trained and free-living Eurasian Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus), Auk 104:603–616.
McCrary, M. D., McKernan, R. L., Landry, R. E., Wagner, W. D., and Schreiber, R. W., 1983, Nocturnal avian migration assessment of the San Gorgonio wind resource study area, spring 1982. Report for Research and Development, Southern California Edison, Rosemead, California.
Moore, F. R., 1987, Sunset and the orientation behaviour of migrating birds, Biol. Rev. 62:65–86.
Moore, F. R., and Kerlinger, P., 1987, Stopover and fat by North American wood warblers (Parulinae) following spring migration over the Gulf of Mexico, Oecologia 74:47–54.
Moreau, R. E., 1961, Problems of Mediterranean Sahara migration, Ibis 103:373–421.
Mueller, H. C., and Berger, D. D., 1967, Wind drift, leading lines, and diurnal migrations, Wilson Bull. 79:50–63.
Mueller, H. C., and Berger, D. D., 1973, The daily rhythm of hawk migration at Cedar Grove, Wisconsin, Auk 90:591–596.
Myres, M. T., 1964, Dawn ascent and re-orientation of Scandinavian Thrushes (Turdus spp.) migrating at night over the northeastern Atlantic Ocean in autumn, Ibis. 106:7–51.
Myres, and Apps, R. T., 1973, Migration of birds over the south coast of China recorded by radar, Nature (Lond.) 241:552–554.
Nisbet, I. C. T., 1955, Atmospheric turbulence and bird flight, Br. Birds 48:557–559.
Nisbet, I. C. T., 1963, Measurements with radar of the height of nocturnal migration over Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Bird-Banding 34:57–67.
Nisbet, I. C. T., and Drury, W. W., Jr., 1968, Short-term effects of weather on bird migration: A field study using multivariate statistics, Anim. Behav. 16:496–530.
Oke, T. R., 1978, Boundary Layer Climates, Wiley, New York.
Palmgren, P., 1949, On the diurnal rhythm of activity and rest in birds, Ibis 91:567–576.
Parslow, J. L. F., 1968, The migration of passerine night migrants across the English Channel studied by radar, Ibis 111:48–79.
Pennycuick, C. J., 1969, The mechanics of migration, Ibis 111:525–556.
Pennycuick, C. J., 1975, Mechanics of flight, in: Avian Biology, Vol. 5 (D. S. Farner and J. R. King, eds.), pp. 1–75, Academic, New York.
Pennycuick, C. J., 1978, Fifteen testable predictions about bird flight, Oikos 30:165–175.
Pennycuick, C. J., Alerstam, T., and Larsson, B., 1979, Soaring migration of the Common Crane Grus grus observed by radar and from an aircraft, Ornis Scand. 10:241–241.
Pennycuick, C. J., 1983, Thermal soaring compared in three dissimilar tropical bird species Fregata magnifiscens, Pelecanus occidentalis, and Coragyps atratus, J. Exp. Biol. 102:307–325.
Perdeck, A. C., and Speek, G., 1984, A radar study of the influence of expected ground speed, cloudiness, and temperature on diurnal migration intensity, Ardea 72:189–198.
Rabol, J., 1967, Visual diurnal migratory movements, Dansk Ornithol. For. Tidssk. 61:73–99.
Rabol, J., and Hindsbo, O., 1972, A comparison of the bird migration recorded by radar and visible field observations in the middle of Sjaelland, Denmark, Spring 1971, Dansk Ornithol. For. Tidssk. 66:86–96.
Raynor, G. S., 1956, Meteorological variables and the northward movement of nocturnal land bird migrants, Auk 73:153–175.
Richardson, W. J., 1971, Spring migration and weather in eastern Canada: a radar study, Am. Birds 25:684–690.
Richardson, W. J., 1972, Autumn migration and weather in eastern Canada: A radar study, Am. Birds 26:10–17.
Richardson, W. J., 1976, Autumn migration over Puerto Rico and the Western Atlantic: A radar study, Ibis 118:309–332.
Richardson, W. J., 1978, Timing and amount of bird migration in relation to weather: A review, Oikos 30:224–272.
Richardson, W. J., 1979, Southeastward shorebird migration over Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in autumn: A radar study, Can. J. Zool. 57:107–124.
Rowland, J. R., 1973, Intensive probing of the clear convective field by radar and instrumented drone aircraft, J. Atmos Sci. 12:149–158.
Rudebeck, G., 1950, Studies on bird migration based on field studies in southern Sweden, Var Fagelv. Suppl. I:1–148.
Salt, G. W., and Zuethen, E., 1960, The respiratory system, in: Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds, Vol. 1 (A. J. Marshall, ed.), Academic, New York, pp. 363–409.
Seets, J. W., and Bohlen, H. D., 1977, Comparative mortality of birds at television towers in central Illinois, Wilson Bull. 89:422–433.
Sladen, W. J. L., Cochran, W. W., and Vose, R., 1974, Spring migration of the Whistling Swan, in: Proceedings of the Conference on Bird/Aircraft Strike Hazard (S. A. Gauthreaux, Jr., ed.), Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Clemson, South Carolina, pp. 233–234.
Smith, N. G., 1980, Hawk and vulture migrations in the neotropics, in: Migrant Birds in the Neotropics (A. Keast and E. S. Morton, eds.), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 51–56.
Stull, R. B., 1986, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meterology, Reidel, Boston.
Swinebroad, J., 1964, The radar view of bird migration, Living Bird 3:56–74.
Thelle, T., 1970, Traekket af Strandskade (Haematopus ostralegus) fra Vestnorge til Vadehavet, Dan. Ornithol. Foren. Tidsskr. 64:229–247.
Torre-Bueno, J. R., 1976, Temperature regulation and heat dissipation during flight in birds, J. Exp. Biol. 65:471–482.
Torre-Bueno, J. R., 1978, Evaporative cooling and water balance during flight in birds, J. Exp. Biol. 75:231–236.
Tucker, V. A., 1968a, Respiratory exchange and evaporative water loss in the flying Budgerigar, J. Exp. Biol. 48:67–87.
Tucker, V. A., 1968b, Respiratory physiology of House Sparrows in relation to highaltitude flight, J. Exp. Biol. 48:55–66.
Tucker, V. A., 1974, Energetics of natural avian flight, in: Avian Energetics (R. A. Paynter, ed.), Publication No. 15 of the Nuttall Ornithology Club, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 298–333.
Ulfstrand, S., Roos, G., Alerstgam, T., and Osterdahl, L., 1974, Visible bird migration at Falsterbo, Sweden, Var Fagelv. Suppl. 8:1–245.
Warner, J., 1970, The microstructure of cumulus cloud. Part III. The nature of the updraft, J. Atmos. Sci. 27:682–688.
Wege, M. L., and Raveling, D. G., 1984, Flight speed and directional responses to wind by migrating Canada Geese, Auk 101:342–348.
Wilcock, J., 1964, Radar and visible migration in Norfolk, England: A comparison, Ibis 106:101–109.
Wilde, N. P., Stull, R. B., and Eloranta, E. W., 1985, The LCL zone and cumulus onset, J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 24:640–657.
Williams, J. M., Williams, T. C., and Ireland, L. C., 1974, Bird migration over the North Atlantic Ocean, in: Proceedings of the Conference on the Biological Aspects of the Bird/Aircraft Collision Problem (S. A. Gauthreaux, Jr., ed.), Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Clemson, South Carolina, pp. 359–382.
Williams, T. C., Williams, J. M., Teal, T. M., and Kanwisher, J. W. 1972, Tracking radar studies of bird migration, NASA Spec. Publ. 262:115–128.
Wood, A. G., 1986, Diurnal and nocturnal territoriality in the Grey Plover at Teesmouth as revealed by radio telemetry, J. Field Ornithol. 57:213–221.
Woodcock, A. H., 1975, Thermals over the sea and gull flight behavior, Boundary-Layer Meteor. 9:63–68.
Woodward, B., 1949, The motion in and around isolated thermals, Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc. 85:144–151.
World Meteorological Organization. (Anon.), 1978, Handbook of meteorological forecasting for soaring flight. Tech. Note #158, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva.
Yapp, W. B., 1962, Some physical limitations on migration, Ibis 104:86–89.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kerlinger, P., Moore, F.R. (1989). Atmospheric Structure and Avian Migration. In: Power, D.M. (eds) Current Ornithology. Current Ornithology, vol 6. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9918-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9918-7_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9920-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9918-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive