SpringerLink
Log in

Plant Cell Cultures: Bioreactors for Industrial Production

  • Chapter
Bio-Farms for Nutraceuticals

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 698))

  • 5044 Accesses

Abstract

The recent biotechnology boom has triggered increased interest in plant cell cultures, since a number of firms and academic institutions investigated intensively to rise the production of very promising bioactive compounds.

In alternative to wild collection or plant cultivation, the production of useful and valuable secondary metabolites in large bioreactors is an attractive proposal; it should contribute significantly to future attempts to preserve global biodiversity and alleviate associated ecological problems. The advantages of such processes include the controlled production according to demand and a reduced man work requirement.

Plant cells have been grown in different shape bioreactors, however, there are a variety of problems to be solved before this technology can be adopted on a wide scale for the production of useful plant secondary metabolites. There are different factors affecting the culture growth and secondary metabolite production in bioreactors: the gaseous atmosphere, oxygen supply and CO2 exchange, pH, minerals, carbohydrates, growth regulators, the liquid medium rheology and cell density. Moreover agitation systems and sterilization conditions may negatively influence the whole process.

Many types of bioreactors have been successfully used for cultivating transformed root cultures, depending on both different aeration system and nutrient supply. Several examples of medicinal and aromatic plant cultures were here summarized for the scale up cultivation in bioreactors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
EUR 29.95
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
EUR 160.49
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
EUR 213.99
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
EUR 213.99
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Tripathi L, Tripathi JN. Role of biotechnology in medicinal plants Tropic. J Pharm Res 2003; 2(2):243–253.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Zenk MH. The impact of plant cell culture on industry. In: Thorpe TA, ed. Frontiers of Plant Tissue Culture. Calgary: Int Ass for Plant Tissue Culture 1978:1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Stafford A, Morris P, Fowler MW. Plant cell biotechnology: A perspective. Enz Microbial Technol 1986; 8:578–597.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Robins RI. Secondary products from cultured cells and organs: Molecular and cellular approaches. In: Dixon RA, Gonzales RA, eds. Plant Cell Culture. Oxford: IRL Press, 1994:169–197.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kintzios S, Kollias H, Straitouris E et al. Scale-up micropropagation of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in an airlift bioreactor and accumulation of rosmarinic acid. Biotechnol Lett 2004; 26(6):521–523.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Merillon JM. Large-scale production in bioreactors. In: Ramawat KG, Merillon JM, eds. Biotechnology Secondary Metabolites. Enfield: Science publishers Inc, 1999:331–350.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Mühlbach H. Use of plant cell cultures in biotechnology. Biotech Ann Rev 1998; 4:113–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Deus B, Zenk MH. Exploitation of plant cells for the production of natural compounds. Biotechnol Bioeng 1982; 24:1965–1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Sun X, Linden JC. Shear stress effects on plant cell suspension cultures in a rotating wall vessel bioreactor. J Ind Microbiol biotechnol 1999; 22:44–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. George EF. Plant propagation by tissue culture. Edington: Exegetics Limited Publications, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ruffoni B, Giovannini A. Produzione di biomassa in vitro: induzione e scale-up. In: Tognoni F, Pardossi A, Mensuali Sodi A, eds. Colture Artificiali di Piante Medicinali. Roma: Aracne 2007:147–165.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Suri SS, Sharma R, Ramawat KG. Production of secondary metabolites in bioreactors. In: Khan IA, Khanum A, eds. Role of Biotechnology in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Vol II. Hyderabad: UKAAZ Publications, 2000:437–451.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Tulecke W, Nickel LG. Production of large amounts of plant tissue by submerged cultures. Science 1959; 130:863–864.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Heyerdahl PHO, Olsen AS, Hvoslef-Eide AK. Engineering aspects of plant propagation in bioreactors. In: Aitken-Christie J, Kozai T, Smith MAL, eds. Automation and Environment Control in Plant Tissue Culture. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad Publ, 1995:87–123.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kieran PM, MacLoughlin PF, Malone DM. Plant cell suspension cultures: some engineering considerations. J Biotechnol 1997; 59:39–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ziv M. Bioreactor technology for plant micropropagation. Hort Rev 2000; 24:1–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Buddendorf-Joosten JMC, Woltering EJ. Components of the gaseous environment and their effects on plant growth and development in vitro. In: Lumsden PJ, Nicholas JR and Davies WJ, eds. Physiology Growth and Development of Plants in Culture. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad Publ, 1994:165–190.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Baldi A, Srivastava AK, Bisaria VS. Effect of aeration on production of anticancer lignans by cell suspension cultures of Linum album. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 151(2–3):547–555.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Cazzulino D, Pederson H, Chin CK. Bioreactors and image analysis for scale-up and plant propagation. In: Vasil IK, ed. Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants. San Diego: Academic Press, 1991:147–177.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Takayama S, Akita M. Bioreactor techniques for large-scale culture of plant propagules. Adv Hort Sci 1998; 12:93–100.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Smart NJ, Fowler MW. An airlift column bioreactor suitable for large-scale cultivation of plant cell suspensions. J Exp Bot 1984; 35:531–537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Scragg AH. Fermentation systems for plant cells. In: Charlwood BV, Rhodes MJC, eds. Secondary Products from Plant Tissue Culture. London: Clarendon Press, 1990:243–263.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Scragg AH. Large-scale plant cell culture: methods, applications and products. Curr Opin Biotech 1992; 3:105–109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hegarty PK, Smart NJ, Scragg H et al. The aeration of Catharanthus roseus L.G. Don suspension cultures in airlift bioreactors: the inhibitory effect at high aeration rates on culture growth. J Exp Bot 1986; 7:1911–1920.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Kim DL, Pederson H, Chin CK. Cultivation of Thalictrum rugosum cell suspension in an improved airlift bioreactor: stimulatory effects of CO2 and C2H4 on alkaloid production. Biotech Bioengin 1991; 38:331–339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ilan A, Ziv M, Halevy AA. Propagation and corm development of Brodiaea in liquid cultures. Scientia Hort 1995; 63:101–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Murashige T, Skoog F. Revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 1962; 15:473–497.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Williams RR. Towards a model of mineral nutrition in vitro. In: Kurata K, Kozai T, eds. Transplant Production Systems. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad Publ, 1992:213–229.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Debergh PC, De Riek J, Matthys D. Nutrient supply and growth of plants in culture. In: Lumsden PJ, Nicholas RJ, Davies WJ, eds. Physiology, Growth and Development of Plants in Culture. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad Publ, 1994:58–68.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Archambault J, Lavoie L, Williams RD et al. Nutritional aspects of Daucus carota somatic embryo cultures performed in bioreactors. In: Terzi M, Cella R, Falavigna A, eds. Current Issues in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad Publ, 1995:681–687.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Tautorus TE, Lulsdorf MM, Kikcio SI et al. Nutrient utilization during bioreactor culture and maturation of somatic embryo culture of Picea marianna and Picea glauca-engelmannii. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 1994; 30:58–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. McDonald KA, Jackman AP. Bioreactor studies of growth and nutrient utilization in alfalfa suspension cultures. Plant Cell Rep 1989; 8:455–458.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Stuart DA, Strickland SG, Walker KA. Bioreactor production of alfalfa somatic embryos. HortScience 1987; 22:800–803.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ziv M, Hadar A. Morphogenic pattern of Nephrolepsis exaltata Bostoniensis in agar-gelled or liquid culture. Implication for mass propagation. Israel J Bot 1991; 40:7–16.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Jay V, Genestier S, Courduroux JC. Bioreactor studies on the effect of medium pH on carrot (Daucus carota L.) somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell Tis Org Cult 1994; 36:205–209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kawase Y. Liquid circulation in external-loop airlift bioreactors. Biotech Bioengin 1989; 33:540–546.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Luttman R, Florek P, Preil W. Silicone-tubing aerated bioreactors for somatic embryo production. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 1994; 39(2): 157–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Hvoslef-Eide AK, Hohe A, Ruffoni B et al. COST experiences with bioreactors. Acta Hort 2006; 725:549–559.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Chatterjee C, Corell MJ, Weathers PJ et al. Simplified acoustic window mist bioreactor. Biotechnol Tech 1997; 11:155–158.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hale SA, Young RE, Adelberg JW et al. Bioreactor development for continual-flow liquid plant tissue culture. Acta Hort 1992; 319:107–112.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Ruffoni B, Savona M. Somatic embryogenesis in floricultural crops: experiences of massive propagation of Lisianthus, Genista and Cyclamen. In: Teixeira da Silva JA, ed. Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology Vol II. London: Global science Books, 2006:305–313.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Bourgaud F, Gravot A, Milesi S et al. Production of plant secondary metabolites: a historical perspective. Plant Sci 2001; 161:839–851.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Curtis WR. Hairy roots, bioreactor growth. In: Spier RE, ed. Encyclopedia of Cell Technology. New York: Wiley, 2008; 2:27–841.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Wysokinska H, Chmiel A. Transformed root cultures for biotechnology. Acta Biotechnol 1997; 17:131–159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kim Y, Wyslouzil BE, Weathers PJ. Secondary metabolism of hairy root cultures in bioreactors. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 2002; 38:1–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Thimmaraju R, Bhagyalakshmi N, Ravishankar GA. In situ and ex situ adsorption and recovery of betalaines from hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris. Biotechnol Progr 2004; 20(3):777–785.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Luczkiewicz M, Kokotkiewicz A. Cocultures of shoots and hairy roots of Genista tinctoria L. for synthesis and biotransformation of large amounts of phytoestrogens. Plant Sci 2005; 169(5):862–871.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Caspeta L, Quintero R, Villareal ML. Novel airlift reactor fitting for hairy root cultures: developmental and performance studies. Biotechnol Prog 2005; 21(3):735–740.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Lorence A, Medina-Bolivar F, Nessler CL. Camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin from Camptotheca acuminata hairy roots. Plant Cell Rep 2004; 22(6):437–441.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Eibl R, Eibl D. Design and use of the wave bioreactor for plant cell culture. In: Gupta SD, Ibaraki Y, eds. Plant Tissue Culture Engineering. Focus on Biotechnology. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2006; 6:203–227.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  51. Palazon J, Mallol A, Eibl R et al. Growth and ginsenoside production in hairy root cultures of Panax ginseng using a novel bioreactor. Planta Med 2003; 69:344–349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Pavlov AI, Georgiev MI, Panchev MP. Optimization of rosmarinic acid production by Lavandula vera MM plant cell suspension in a laboratory bioreactor. Biotechnol Prog 2005; 21(2):394–346.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Pavlov A, Bley T. Betalains biosynthesis by Beta vulgaris L. hairy root culture in a temporary immersion cultivation system. Process Biochem 2006; 41:848–852.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. McAlister B, Finnie J, Watt MP et al. Use of the temporary immersion bioreactor system (RITA®) for the production of commercial Eucalyptus clones in Mondi Forests (SA). Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 2005; 81:347–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Ramakrishnan D, Curtis WR. Trickle-bed root culture bioreactor design and scale-up: growth, fluid-dynamics and oxygen mass transfer. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 88:248–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Wilson PDG. The pilot-scale cultivation of transformed roots. In: Doran PM, ed. Hairy Roots and Culture Applications. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1997:179–190.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Heyon KJI, Yoo YJE. Adaptive estimation of hairy root mass using conductometry. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2003; 13:641–646.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Huang S-Y, Chou S-N. Elucidation of the effects of nitrogen source on proliferation transformed hairy roots and secondary metabolite productivity in a mist trickling reactor by redox potential measurement. Enz Microb Technol 2006; 38:803–813.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Georgiev M, Heinrich M, Kerns G et al. Production of iridoids and phenolics by transformed Harpagophytum procumbens root cultures. Eng Life Sci 2006; 6:593–596.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Suresh B, Rajasekaran T, Rao SR et al. Studies on osmolarity, conductivity and mass transfer or selection of a bioreactor for Tagetes patula L. hairy roots. Process Biochem 2001; 36:987–993.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Garg SN, Naquvi AA, Bansal RP et al. Chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. of Indian origin. J Essential Oil Res 2005; 17:29–31.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Braga ME, Leal PF, Carvalho JE et al. Comparison of yield, composition and antioxidant activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extracts obtained using various techniques. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51:6604–6611.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Park Y, Patek R, Mayersohn M. Sensitive and rapid isocratic liquid chromatography method for the quantisation of curcumin in plasma. J Chromatogr Bull 2003; 796:339–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Loch NH, Diem DT, Binh DH et al. Isolation and characterization of antioxidation enzymes from cells of zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe) Cultured in a 5 L bioreactor. Mol Biotechnol 2008; 38:81–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Loch NH, Ha TTT, Hirata Y. Effect of several factors on cell biomass production of zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe) in bioreactor. Vietnam J Biotechnol 2006; 4:213–220.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Okada K, Wangpoengtrakul C, Tanaka T et al. Curcumin and especially tetrahydrocurcumin ameliorate oxidative stress-induced renal injury in mice. J Nutrition 2002; 131:2090–2095.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Wu CH, Murthy HN, Hahn EJ et al. Large-scale cultivation of adventitious roots of Echinacea purpurea in airlift bioreactors for the production of chichoric acid, chlorogenic acid and caftaric acid. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29(8): 1179–1182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Barrett B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomed 2003; 10:66–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Lin Z, Neamati N, Zhao H et al. Chichoric acid analogues as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. J Med Chem 1999; 42:1401–1414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Choi JW, Cho GH, Byun SY. Integrated bioprocessing for plant cell cultures. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2001; 72:63–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Kim SK, Hahn EJ, Murthy HN et al. Adventitious root growth and ginsenoside accumulation in Panax ginseng cultures as affected by methyl jasmonate. Biotechnol Lett 2004; 26:1619–1622.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Kwok KH, Doron PM. Kinetic and stoichiometric analysis of hairy roots in a segmented bubble column reactor. Biotechnol Prog 1995; 11:429–435.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Scragg AH, Morris P, Allan EJ et al. Effect of scale-up on serpentine formation by Catharanthus roseus suspension cultures. Enz Microb Technol 1987; 9:619–624.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Chang SS, Ostric-Matijasevic B, Hsieh OAL et al. Natural antioxidant from Rosemary and Sage. J Food Sci 1977; 42:1102–1107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Tada H, Murakami Y, Omoto T et al. Rosmarinic acid and related phenolics in hairy root cultures of Ocimum basilicum. Phytochem 1996; 42:431–434.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kintzios S, Makri O, Panagiotopoulos EM et al. In vitro rosmarinic acid accumulation in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Biotechnol Lett 2003; 25:405–408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Ziv M, Ronen G, Raviv M. Proliferation of meristematic clusters in disposable presterilized plastic bioreactors for large scale micropropagation of plants. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 1998; 34:152–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Konstas J, Kintzios S. Develo** a scale-up system for the micropropagation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): the effect of growth retardants, liquid culture and vessel size. Plant Cell Rep 2003; 21:538–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Schopfer P, Liszkay A, Bechtold M et al. Evidence that hydroxyl radicals mediate auxin-induced extension growth. Planta 2002; 214:821–828.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Harborne J, Williams C. Phytochemistry of the genus Lavandula. In LaVender, The genus LaVandula; Lis-Balchin, M, eds. Taylor and Francis: London, 2002; 29:86–99.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Ilieva M, Pavlov A. Rosmarinic acid production by Lavandula vera MM cell suspension culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1997; 47:683–688.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Attele AS, Wu JA, Yuan CS. Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58:1685–1693.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Ebel J, Mithoefer A. Early events in the elicitation of plant defense. Planta 1998; 206:335–348.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Zhao J, Lawrence CD, Verpoorte R. Elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites. Res Rev Paper Biotechnol Adv 2005; 23:283–233.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Ali MB, Hahn EJ, Paek KY. Copper-induced changes in the growth, oxidative metabolism and saponin production in suspension culture roots of Panax ginseng in bioreactors. Plant Cell Rep 2006; 25(10):1122–1132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Ali MB, Yu KW, Hahn EJ et al. Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicitation induces ginsenosides accumulation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant in suspension culture Panax ginseng roots in bioreactors. Plant Cell Rep 2006b; 25(6):613–620.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Chen THH, Chen HBG, Chen F et al. Production of lithospermic acid B and rosmarinic acid in hairy root cultures of Salvia miltiorrhiza. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 1999; 22:133–138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese drugs of plant origin: chemistry, pharmacology and use in traditional and modern medicine. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992:891–902.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Hu ZB, Alfermann AW. Diterpenoid production in hairy root cultures of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Phytochem 1993; 32:699–703.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Wu JY, Shi M. Ultrahigh diterpenoid tanshinone production through repeated osmotic stress and elicitor stimulation in fed-batch culture of Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78(3):441–448.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Linden JC, Phisalaphong M. Oligosaccharides potentiate methyl jasmonate-induced production of paclitaxel in Taxus canadensis. Plant Sci 2000; 158:41–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Zhao J, Hu Q, Zhu WH. Enhanced catharanthine production in Catharanthus roseus cell cultures by combined elicitor treatment in shake flasks and bioreactors. Enz Microb Technol 2001; 28:673–681.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Yan Q, Hu Z, Tan RX et al. Efficient production and recovery of diterpenoid tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures with in situ adsorption, elicitation and semi-continous operation. J Biotechnol 2005; 119:416–424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CRA-FSO Unità di Ricerca per la Floricoltura e le Specie Ornamentali, Sanremo, Italy

    Barbara Ruffoni

Authors
  1. Barbara Ruffoni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Laura Pistelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alessandra Bertoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Luisa Pistelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Crystallography, Department of Agrofood and Department of Molecular Design, National Council of Research, Area of Research of Rome, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy

    Maria Teresa Giardi PhD  & Giuseppina Rea PhD  & 

  2. Institute of General Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Sciences Applied to Biosystems, DISMAB, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Bruno Berra PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Landes Bioscience and Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ruffoni, B., Pistelli, L., Bertoli, A., Pistelli, L. (2010). Plant Cell Cultures: Bioreactors for Industrial Production. In: Giardi, M.T., Rea, G., Berra, B. (eds) Bio-Farms for Nutraceuticals. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 698. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation