Abstract
Throughout World War II, US policy toward Korea was based on a trusteeship plan among the Allies. Instead of extending an early recognition to the Korean nationalists, Washington planned a trusteeship because it remained doubtful about the Koreans’ ability for self-governance. It also believed that the four-power trusteeship could mitigate the great power rivalry over postwar Korea. This approach was maintained by the Roosevelt administration until it reached the secret Far-Eastern agreement with the Russians at Yalta in February 1945.
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Notes
Jung Byeong-jun, Unam Yiseungman Yeongu [A Study of Rhee] (Seoul: Yeoksa Bipyeongsa, 2005), 91–94, 199–216.
Nagata Akifumi, Nihonno Chosentochito Kokusaikankei (Tokyo: Heibonsha, 2005), 153–56, 381.
Hyeondae Hangukhak-yeonguso, ed., Unam Munseo [Rhee Papers] (Seoul: Gukhakjaryowon, 1998), VI, 441–44;
Ko Jeong-hyu, Yiseungmangwa Hangukdokripwundong [Rhee and Korean Independence Movement] (Seoul: Yonsei University Press, 2004), 428.
See Paul C. McGrath, “United States Army in the Korean Conflict,” Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Unpublished Manuscript, US Army Center of Military History, Washington, D.C., 28; The US Army, 8th, History of the United States Armed Forces in Korea (HUSAFIK), ed. Dolbegae (Seoul, 1988), II, pt 2, 47–48;
Chong-Sik Lee, The Politics of Korean Nationalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963), 129–233.
Roosevelt to Welles, April 8, 1942, enclosing Soong’s memorandum, Department of State, FRUS: 1942, I, 866–69; Rhee to Hull, February 16, 1943, DS Records, 895.01/214, Box 5929, RG 59, NA. See also, Oliver, Syngman Rhee: The Man behind the Myth (New York: Dodd Mead and Company, 1954), 188.
Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, II (New York: Macmillan, 1948), 1595–96.
F.D.R. to Cordell Hull, October 17, 1944, Elliott Roosevelt ed., F.D.R. His Personal Letters (New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950), II, 1546–47.
Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York: Duell, Slaon and Pearce, 1945), 24–25.
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, compiled by Samuel I. Rosenman (New York: Random House, 1945), 139, 296, 373.
Ibid., 9; Foreign Policy Studies Branch (Division of Historical Policy Research, Office of Public Affairs) Department of State, United States Policy Regarding Korea 1834–1941 (May 1947), 37–39.
Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (New York: Macmillan Co., 1948), II, 1596;
Anthony Eden, The Reckoning (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 438;
Welles memorandum, March 29, 1943, FRUS:1943, China, 845–46.
Warren I. Cohen, America’s Response to China (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 133.
John Paton Davies Jr., November 7, 1944, Department of State, United States Relations with China, with Special Reference to the Period 1944–1949 (Washington, DC, 1949), 566–67. Hereafter noted as The China White Paper.
David Memorandum, “American Chinese Relations During the Next Six Months” November 15, 1944, FRUS: 1944, VI, 695–97.
Hurley to FDR, November 16, 1944, Map Room Paper, Box 11, FDR Library; Russel Buhite, Patrick J. Hurley and American Foreign Policy (Ithaca: NY Cornell University Press, 1973), 184.
See the personal account by Hugh Borton, “Preparation for the Occupation of Japan,” The Journal of Asian Studies 25, 2 (February 1966): 203–4.
John Paton Davies Jr., Dragon by the Tail: American, British, Japanese, and Russian Encounters With China and One Another (New York: Norton, 1972), 390.
Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 503;
John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), 167.
For the sources of FDR’s optimistic character, see Doris K. Goodwin, “Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933–1945,” Character Above All, ed. Robert A. Wilson (New York, N.Y.: Touchstone, 1995), 13–23.
Roosevelt to Churchill, R-624. September 28, 1944, Warren F. Kimball, ed., Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1984), III, 339.
See also, Gaddis, Russia, Soviet Union, and the United States (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978), 167–68.
For Roosevelt’s diplomatic style, see William D. Leahy, I Was There (New York: Whittlesey House, 1950), 4–5;
Henry Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Ac tive Service in Peace and War (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1949), 317, 321–23.
Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 519.
J.A.S. Grenville, A History of the World in the Twentieth Century, II (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1997), 372.
Averell Harriman and Elie Avel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York: Random house, 1975), 398.
James F. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly (New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1947), 23.
Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), 867.
For similar problems in FDR’s dealing with Poland, see, Frazer J. Harbutt, The Iron Curtain: Churchill, America, and the Origin of the Cold War (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1986), 69.
For FDR’s lack of preparation for the possibility of fall of cooperation among the Allies, see Frederick W. Marks III, Wind Over Sand: The Diplomacy of Franklin Roosevelt (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988), 171, 173.
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© 2009 Seung-young Kim
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Kim, Sy. (2009). Vision of Cooperation among the Allies and the Four-power Trusteeship Plan for Korea. In: American Diplomacy and Strategy toward Korea and Northeast Asia, 1882–1950 and After. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230621688_6
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