Abstract
Like the British monarchy, the Westminster parliament has been around for a long time but, like the monarchy again, the writing of its history is a relatively recent (though a slightly more venerable) phenomenon. The great enterprise that is known as the History of Parliament is an iconic British undertaking which, in its scale, scope and significance, may fittingly be grouped with such cognate co-operative ventures as the Dictionary of National Biography, the Survey of London, the Victoria County History, and the Buildings of England series.2 All of these great enterprises are multi-volume productions, inaugurated by dedicated and (sometimes, but not always) charismatic founders, which have subsequently evolved into major schemes of collective and collaborative inquiry, and all of them are (rightly and of necessity) still very much works in progress. Long may they continue to be so. From the outset, these massive projects have been informed by a strong sense of educational purpose as well as of academic aspiration, and across the decades since the late nineteenth century, when the earliest of them were first established, they have become increasingly integral to our national life and public conversations, encompassing (as they do together) London and the regions, the natural and also the manmade environment, people as well as places, power along with culture. As such, they combine perspective, popularity and prestige in a uniquely resonant way: they help us understand where we have come from, how and where we live now, and who we are today; they are the envy of many other countries around the globe who lack such splendid series; and no serious library, anywhere in the English-speaking world, can afford to be without their magnificent volumes.
This chapter began as the annual History of Parliament Lecture, delivered in Portcullis House in London on 21 November 2006. I am grateful to the Trustees of the History of Parliament Trust, and especially to their chairman, Sir Patrick Cormack, for their kind invitation. In preparing this more substantial version, as with the lecture itself, I have been helped by Priscilla Baines, Helen McCarthy, Paul Seaward and Jane Winters. Although I am myself a member of the editorial board of the History of Parliament, the views and opinions expressed in this article are entirely my own. Two abbreviations have been used in the notes: HOP: History of Parliament; JCW: Colonel Josiah Clement Wedgwood.
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Notes
D. Cannadine, The Pleasures of the Past (London, 1989), pp. 92–5
H.C.G. Matthew, Leslie Stephen and the New Dictionary of National Biography (Cambridge, 1997)
K.V. Thomas, Changing Conceptions of National Biography: The Oxford DNB in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, 2005)
F.H.W. Shepard, ‘Sources and Methods Used for the Survey of London’, in H.J. Dyos (ed.), The Study of Urban History (London, 1966), pp. 131–45
H. Hobhouse, ‘Ninety Years of the Survey of London’, Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society, xxxi (1987), pp. 25–47
H. Hobhouse, London Survey’d: The Work of the Survey of London, 1894–1994 (Swindon, 1994)
R.B. Pugh, ‘The Structure and Aims of the Victoria History of the Counties of England’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, xl (1967), pp. 65–73
A. Fletcher, ‘“Englandpast.net”: A Framework for the Social History of England’, Historical Research, lxxv (2002), pp. 296–315
B. Cherry, The Buildings of England: A Short History and a Bibliography (Cambridge, 1983)
S. Bradley and B. Cherry (eds), The Buildings of England: A Celebration (London, 2001)
D. Matless, ‘Topographical Culture: Nikolaus Pevsner and the Buildings of England’, History Workshop Journal, no. 54 (2002), pp. 73–99.
The standard biographies of Wedgwood are: J.C. Wedgwood, Memoirs of a Fighting Life (London, 1940)
C.V. Wedgwood, The Last of the Radicals: Josiah Wedgwood MP (London, 1951)
D. Cannadine, In Churchill’s Shadow: Confronting the Past in Modern Britain (London, 2002), pp. 134–58; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. lvii, pp. 925–27.
See also N. Annan, ‘The Intellectual Aristocracy’, in J.H. Plumb (ed.), Studies in Social History: A Tribute to G.M. Trevelyan (London, 1955), pp 246,260–5.
For Namier’s life and work, see: J. Namier, Lewis Namier: A Biography (London, 1971)
L.J. Colley, Namier (London, 1989); Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. xl, pp. 134–7.
Colley, Namier, pp. 16–17; N. Annan, Our Age: Portrait of a Generation (London, 1990), p. 270
E.H. Carr, What Is History? (London, 1961), pp. 45–48.
J.C. Wedgwood, History of Parliament: Biographies of the Members of the Commons House, 1439–1509 (London, 1936), pp. xlv, lii–liii
J.C. Wedgwood, History of Parliament: Register of the Ministers and of the Members of Both Houses, 1439–1509 (London, 1938), pp. cxxxiv–cxxxviii, cxlv.
L.B. Namier, Conflicts: Studies in Contemporary History (London, 1942), p. 72
L.B. Namier, Personalities and Powers (London, 1955), pp. 1–4, 7; Namier, Namier, pp. 199–200; Colley, Namier, pp. 21, 26, 75, 77
Q. Skinner, ‘Introduction’, in idem (ed.), The Return of Grand Theory in the Human Sciences (London, 1985), p. 3.
L.B. Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III (London, 1929)
L.B. Namier, England in the Age of the American Revolution (London, 1930); Colley, Namier, pp. 46–71.
L.B. Namier, Crossroads of Power: Essays on Eighteenth-Century England (London, 1962), p. 5.
Namier, Namier, p. 290; Namier, England in the Age of the American Revolution, p. 3; Colley, Namier, pp. 82–9. For prosopography, see L. Stone, The Past and the Present (London, 1981), pp. 45–73.
Cannadine, In Churchill’s Shadow, pp. 142, 150–4; Colley, Namier, pp. 35, 76–8; L.B. Namier, Avenues of History (London, 1952), p. 171; Namier, Namier, pp. 284–5.
M. Lawrence, ‘The History of Parliament Trust’, Parliamentary Affairs, xviii (1964), pp. 460–1; Hansard (Commons), 20 February 1951, cols 1067–70.
Quoted in J. Hoppit, ‘An Embarrassment of Riches’, Parliamentary History, xviii (1999), p. 149.
For a brief and revealing glimpse of Namier at the IHR at this time, see: M. Howard, Captain Professor (London, 2006), p. 136.
A. Sandall, ‘The History of Parliament’, The Table, liv (1986), pp. 82–85
Sir L. Namier and J. Brooke (eds), The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1754–1790 (3 vols, London, 1964).
P.D.G. Thomas, ‘La vie politique en Grand-Bretagne vers la fin du XVIIIe siècle’, Review Historique, April–June 1967, pp. 415–32.
J.B. Owen, ‘Small Men’, New Statesman, 9 May 1964, pp. 736–7. See also the anonymous review in The Economist, 23 May 1964, p. 48.
A.P. Ryan, ‘Honourable Member Over the Years’, The Times, 1 May 1964
W. Rees-Mogg, ‘Unreformed and Unrepentant’, The Sunday Times, 3 May 1964
[J. Carswell], ‘Calling the House to Order’, Times Literary Supplement (TLS), 9 July 1964, pp. 581–2
C.J. Boulton, review of Namier and Brooke in The Table,NOTES 329 xxxii (1964), p. 175
Sir E. Fellowes, ‘Introduction’, Parliamentary Affairs, xvii (1964), pp. 450–3.
See, for example, J.H. Plumb, ‘Members of the House’, The Spectator, 22 May 1964, p. 699
P. Laslett, ‘Namier’s Parliament’, The Guardian, 8 May 1964; [Carswell], ‘Calling the House to Order’, pp. 581–2; H. Butterfield, ‘The History of Parliament’, The Listener, 8 October 1964, pp. 535–7
P. Laslett, English Historical Review, lxxx (1965), pp. 801–5
J. Sainty, ‘The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1754–1790’, Parliamentary Affairs, xvii (1964), pp. 453–7.
See, for example: R. Pares, George III and the Politicians (Oxford, 1953)
H. Butterfield, George III and the Historians (London, 1957)
W.R. Fryer, ‘King George III: His Political Character and Conduct, 1760–84: A New Whig Interpretation’, Renaissance and Modern Studies, vi (1962), pp. 68–101
E.A. Reitan (ed.), George III: Tyrant or Constitutional Monarch? (London, 1964).
See also J. Brooke, ‘Namier and Namierism’, History and Theory, iii (1963–64), pp. 331–47.
John Brooke suggested that parliament in the eighteenth century was not particularly concerned with legislation: in fact it passed some 10,000 acts: see J. Hoppitt, ‘Patterns of Parliamentary Legislation, 1660–1800’, Historical Journal, xxxix (1996), p. 201.
R. Pares and A.J.P. Taylor (eds), Essays Presented to Sir Lewis Namier (London, 1956). Taylor’s hostile review of Brooke appeared in the Manchester Guardian, 16 November 1956.
Colley, Namier, pp. 99–100; A.J.P. Taylor, A Personal History (London, 1983), pp. 214–17
A. Sisman, A.J.P. Taylor: A Biography (London, 1994), pp. 247–52
K. Burk, Troublemaker: The Life and History of A.J.P. Taylor (London, 2000), pp. 207–12, 445
R. Davenport-Hines (ed.), Letters from Oxford: Hugh Trevor-Roper to Bernard Berenson (London, 2006), pp. 229–33.
A.J.P. Taylor, ‘Westminster white elephant’, The Observer, 3 May 1964.
Let them speak up!’, The Listener, 16 July 1964, p. 78; H.G. Richardson and G.O. Sayles, ‘History of Parliament’, The Listener, 30 July 1964, p. 164.
A waste of effort?’, The Listener, 8 October 1964, p. 538; J. Brooke and I.R. Christie, ‘The History of Parliament’, The Listener, 15 October 1964, p. 591.
W. Ferguson, review of Namier and Brooke, Scottish Historical Review, xlvi (1967), p. 164
P. Howard in The Times, 18 August 1967.
In order of publication, the subsequent volumes in the History of Parliament are as follows: R. Sedgwick (ed.), The House of Commons, 1715–1754 (2 vols, London, 1970)
P.W. Hasler (ed.), The House of Commons, 1558–1603 (3 vols, London, 1981)
S.T. Bindoff (ed.), The House of Commons, 1509–1558 (3 vols, London, 1982)
B.D. Henning (ed.), The House of Commons, 1660–1690 (3 vols, London, 1983)
R.G. Thorne (ed.), The House of Commons, 1790–1820 (5 vols, London, 1986)
J.S. Roskell, L. Clark and C. Rawcliffe (eds), The House of Commons, 1386–1421 (4 vols, London, 1993)
E. Cruickshanks, S. Handley and D.W. Hayton (eds), The House of Commons, 1690–1715 (5 vols, Cambridge, 2002).
For example, D.E.D. Beales, ‘History and Biography: An Inaugural Lecture’, in T.C.W. Blanning and D. Cannadine (eds), History and Biography: Essays in Honour of Derek Beales (Cambridge, 1996), p. 282.
J.M. Beattie, review of Sedgwick, American Historical Review, lxxvii (1972), p. 512
L.J. Colley, In Defiance of Oligarchy: The Tory Party, 1714–60 (Cambridge, 1982), ch. 2; Hoppit, ‘Embarrassment of Riches’, pp. 197–8. But cf. I.R. Christie, ‘The Tory Party, Jacobitism and the “Forty-Five”: A Note’, Historical Journal, xxx (1987), pp. 921–31.
Hoppit, ‘Embarrassment of Riches’, pp. 189–205; M.J. Daunton, ‘Virtual Representation: The History of Parliament on CD-ROM’, Past and Present, no. 167 (2000), pp. 238–61. See also the following reviews: M. Wheeler-Booth, TLS, 5 February 1999, p. 5
S. Taylor, The Higher, 2 October 1998, p. 33.
At the same time, substantial progress is also being made in Edinburgh and Belfast on the histories of the pre Act of Union Parliaments in Scotland and Ireland: for which see K.M. Brown and R.J. Tanner (eds), Parliament and Politics in Scotland, 1235–1560 (Edinburgh, 2004)
E.M. Johnson-Liik, History of the Irish Parliament, 1692–1800: Commons, Constituencies and Statutes (6 vols, Belfast, 2002).
See, for example: G.R. Elton, ‘Members’ Memorial’, London Review of Books, 20 May 1982, p. 14
G.R. Elton, ‘The Grandmother of Parliaments’, The Spectator, 22 May 1982, p. 19
G. Holmes, ‘The Growing Presence of Parliament’, TLS, 6 January 1984, pp. 3–4
J.J. Scarisbrick, ‘Tudor MPs Biographied’, Parliamentary History, iii (1984), p. 183
J.S. Morrill, ‘Between Conventions: The Members of Restoration Parliaments’, Parliamentary History, v (1986), p. 132
N. Gash, ‘Between Court and Country’, TLS, 24 October 1986, p. 81
M. Prestwich, ‘Middle Age MPs’, TLS, 4 June 1993, p. 30
R.B. Dobson, ‘Members Only’, London Review of Books, 24 February 1994, p. 25
S. Walker, ‘Parliamentary History in Perspective’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, xxxviii (1994), p. 172
G.L. Harriss, ‘The Medieval Parliament’, Parliamentary History, xiii (1994), pp. 206–26.
Colley, Namier, pp. 83–4; Daunton, ‘Virtual Representation’, pp. 243–4.Colley, Namier, pp. 84–8. For some recent examples of such uses of the History of Parliament, see: J. Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1783 (London, 1989), pp. 44–5
I.R. Christie, British ‘Non-Elite’ MPs, 1715–1820 (Oxford, 1995)
E.A. Wasson, Born to Rule: British Political Elites (Stroud, 2000), esp. pp. 6–7. For some general comments on the broader ways in which the History of Parliament may be used
see: P. Seaward, ‘Whigs, Tories, East Indiamen and Rogues: The History of Parliament, 1690–1715’, Historian, lxxv (2002), esp. p. 9
C. Jackson, ‘The Rage of Parliaments: The House of Commons, 1690–1715’, Historical Journal, xlviii (2005), pp. 567–87.
For a greater sense of the connection between constituencies and MPs for Namier’s period, see N. Rogers, Whigs and Cities: Popular Politics in the Age of Walpole and Pitt (Oxford, 1989)
P. Langford, Public Life and the Propertied Englishman, 1687–1798 (Oxford, 1991). On the practice and procedure of the House of Commons during that time, see P.D.G. Thomas, The House of Commons in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1971). For a much later re-articulation of Wedgwood’s whiggish view of the history of parliament, see J.H. Hexter, ‘The Birth of Modern Freedom’, TLS, 21 January 1983, pp. 51–4.
P. Summerfield, ‘Mass-Observation: Social Research or Social Movement?’, Journal of Contemporary History, xx (1985), pp. 439–44
N. Hubble, Mass Observation and Everyday Life: Culture, History, Theory (London, 2005), pp. 1–10. Mass Observation’s first investigation was of popular responses to the Coronation of King George VI: C. Madge and H. Jennings (eds), May the Twelfth: Mass-Observation Day-Surveys, 1937 (London, 1937).
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Cannadine, D. (2008). Parliament: Past History, Present History, Future History. In: Making History Now and Then. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230594265_4
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