Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are the most widespread and functionally important symbionts of diverse plant species. The AM fungi are likely to be affected by anthropogenic activities like mining. The potential of AM fungi to improve plant growth in stressed environments has led to their inclusion along with plants in the restoration of mined areas. Still, our understanding of the diversity of AM fungi in response to mining activities remains limited. In this chapter, we provide a summary of the diversity of AM fungi in mining and restoration areas, the influence of different mining activities on AM fungal communities and root colonization, the role of AM fungi in improving soil structure and function, and the effect of AM fungi on plant growth in mine substrates under controlled and field conditions. Changes in AM fungal communities have been detected both in roots and soils using conventional and molecular techniques in response to mining activities. However, the majority of studies do report an increased diversity of AM fungi in post-mining sites with time. Generally, moderate to high AM colonization levels are reported in revegetated plant species or those naturally colonizing mined areas. Inoculation of AM fungi individually or along with plant growth-promoting microorganisms in nurseries has been shown to increase growth and nutrient content in plants intended for planting in mining areas. Once transplanted onto mining sites, AM plants exhibit a better survival rate, increased growth, and improved nutrient uptake. This chapter highlights current knowledge on the role of AM fungi in the restoration of mine sites and some future research areas that could help in better exploitation of this symbiosis in stressed environments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aggangan NS, Cortes AD (2018) Screening mined-out indigenous mycorrhizal fungi for the rehabilitation of mine tailing areas in the Philippines: rehabilitation of mine tailings. Reforesta 28:71–85
Agus C, Primananda E, Faridah E, Wulandari D, Lestari T (2019) Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Pongamia pinnata for revegetation of tropical open-pit coal mining soils. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16:3365–3374
Ako TA, Onoduku US, Oke SA, Essien BI, Idris FN, Umar AN, Ahmed AA (2014) Environmental effects of sand and gravel mining on land and soil in Luku, Minna, Niger State, North Central Nigeria. J Geosci Geomat 2:42–49
Andrino A, Guggenberger G, Sauheitl L, Burkart S, Boy J (2021) Carbon investment into mobilization of mineral and organic phosphorus by arbuscular mycorrhiza. Biol Fertil Soils 57:47–64
Ansari RA, Mahmood I (2017) Optimization of organic and bio-organic fertilizers on soil properties and growth of pigeonpea. Sci Hortic 226:1–9
Ansari RA, Mahmood I (2019a) Plant health under biotic stress. In: Ansari RA, Mahmood I (eds) Microbial interactions, vol II. Springer Nature, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6040-4
Ansari RA, Mahmood I (2019b) Plant health under biotic stress. In: Ansari RA, Mahmood I (eds) Organic strategies, vol I. Springer Nature, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6043-5
Ansari RA, Mahmood I, Rizvi R, Sumbul A (2017a) PGPR: current vogue in sustainable crop production. In: Kumar V (ed) Probiotics and plant health. Springer Nature, Singapore, pp 455–472
Ansari RA, Mahmood I, Rizvi R, Sumbul A, Safiuddin (2017b) Siderophores: augmentation of soil health and crop productivity. In: Kumar V (ed) Probiotics in agroecosystem. Springer Nature, Singapore, pp 291–312
Ansari RA, Sumbul A, Rizvi R, Mahmood I (2019a) Potential role of plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria in alleviation of biotic stress. In: Ansari RA, Mahmood I (eds) Plant health under biotic stress, Microbial interactions, vol II. Springer Nature, Singapore, pp 177–188
Ansari RA, Sumbul A, Rizvi R, Mahmood I (2019b) Organic soil amendments: potential tool for soil and plant health management. In: Ansari RA, Mahmood I (eds) Plant health under biotic stress, Organic strategies, vol I. Springer Nature, Singapore, pp 1–35
Ardestani MM, JÃlková V, Bonkowski M, Frouz J (2019) The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Rhizophagus intraradices and soil microbial community on a model plant community in a post-mining soil. Plant Ecol 220:789–800
Atmaca E, Karaca UÇ (2019) The relationship between certain microbiological and some arbuscular mycorrhizal parameters of plants prevalent around an aluminum bauxite mine deposit. Appl Ecol Environ Res 17:10941–10961
Barbosa B, Fernando AL (2018) Aided phytostabilization of mine waste. In: Vara Prasad MN, Campos Favas PJ, Maiti SK (eds) Bio-geotechnologies for mine site rehabilitation. Elsevier, pp 147–157
Begum N, Qin C, Ahanger MA, Raza S, Khan MI, Ashraf M, Ahmed N, Zhang L (2019) Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant growth regulation: implications in abiotic stress tolerance. Front Plant Sci 10:1068. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01068
Bi Y, **ao L, Liu R (2019a) Response of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria to remediation abandoned solid waste of coal mine. Int J Coal Sci Technol 6:603–610
Bi Y, **ao L, Sun J (2019b) An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus ameliorates plant growth and hormones after moderate root damage due to simulated coal mining subsidence: a microcosm study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:11053–11061
Bi Y, **e L, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang K (2019c) Impact of host plants, slope position and subsidence on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in the coal mining area of north-central China. J Arid Environ 163:68–76
Bi Y, **e L, Wang Z, Wang K, Liu W, **e W (2021) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis facilitates apricot seedling (Prunus sibirica L.) growth and photosynthesis in Northwest China. Int J Coal Sci Technol 2:1–10
Brundrett MC, Tedersoo L (2018) Evolutionary history of mycorrhizal symbioses and global host plant diversity. New Phytol 220:1108–1115
Buck MT, Straker CJ, Mavri-Damelin D, Weiersbye IM (2019) Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonising roots of indigenous Vachellia and Senegalia trees on gold and uranium mine tailings in South Africa. S Afr J Bot 121:34–44
Budi SW, Arty B, Wasis B, Wibowo C, Sukendro A (2020) Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil ameliorants on the mycorrhizal colonization, chlorophyll content, and performance growth of two tropical tree seedlings grown in soil media with high aluminum content. Malays Appl Biol 49:41–53
Chen M, Arato M, Borghi L, Nouri E, Reinhardt D (2018) Beneficial services of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi–from ecology to application. Front Plant Sci 9:1270. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01270
Chen J, Mo L, Zhang Z, Nan J, Xu D, Chao L, Zhang X, Bao Y (2020) Evaluation of the ecological restoration of a coal mine dump by exploring the characteristics of microbial communities. Appl Soil Ecol 147:103430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.103430
Confalonieri UE, Margonari C, Quintão AF (2014) Environmental change and the dynamics of parasitic diseases in the Amazon. Acta Trop 129:33–41
Correia M, Espelta JM, Morillo JA, Pino J, RodrÃguez-EcheverrÃa S (2021) Land-use history alters the diversity, community composition and interaction networks of ectomycorrhizal fungi in beech forests. J Ecol 109:2856. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13674
Cosme M, Fernández I, Van der Heijden MG, Pieterse CM (2018) Non-mycorrhizal plants: the exceptions that prove the rule. Trends Plant Sci 23:577–587
Dickson S, Smith FA, Smith SE (2007) Structural differences in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses: more than 100 years after Gallaud, where next? Mycorrhiza 17:375–393
Ezeokoli OT, Nwangburuka CC, Adeleke RA, Roopnarain A, Paterson DG, Maboeta MS, Bezuidenhout CC (2019) Assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore density and viability in soil stockpiles of South African opencast coal mines. S Afr J Plant Soil 36:91–99
Fernandes CC, Kishi LT, Lopes EM, Omori WP, Souza JA, Alves LM, Lemos EG (2018) Bacterial communities in mining soils and surrounding areas under regeneration process in a former ore mine. Braz J Microbiol 49:489–502
Gibbs HK, Salmon JM (2015) Map** the world’s degraded lands. Appl Geogr 57:12–21
Gobbato E (2015) Recent developments in arbuscular mycorrhizal signaling. Curr Opin Plant Biol 26:1–7
Govindu D, Duvva A, Podeti S (2020) The impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on glomalin-related soil protein distribution and their relationship with soil properties of agroforestry plants in coal mine region of North Telangana. Indian Phytopathol 73:737–740
Guo Y, Liu X, Tsolmon B, Chen J, Wei W, Lei S, Yang J, Bao Y (2020) The influence of transplanted trees on soil microbial diversity in coal mine subsidence areas in the Loess Plateau of China. Glob Ecol Conserv 21:e00877
Hart M, Gorzelak MA, McAmmond BM, Van Hamme JD, Stevens J, Abbott L, Whiteley AS, Nevill P (2019) Fungal communities resist recovery in sand mine restoration. Front For Glob Change 2:78. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00078
He ZL, Yang XE, Stoffella PJ (2005) Trace elements in agroecosystems and impacts on the environment. J Trace Elem Med Biol 19:125–140
Huang H, Guo J, Zhang Y (2020) The response of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities to the soil environment of underground mining subsidence area in Northwest China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:9157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249157
Jaramillo F, Baccard M, Narinesingh P, Gaskin S, Cooper V (2015) Assessing the role of a limestone quarry as sediment source in a develo** tropical catchment. Land Degrad Dev 27:1064–1074
Jarsjö J, Chalov SR, Pietroń J, Alekseenko AV, Thorslund J (2017) Patterns of soil contamination, erosion and river loading of metals in a gold mining region of northern Mongolia. Reg Environ Chang 17:1991–2005
Junia R, Jain N, Sohal J, Sharma D, Khare N, Aseri GK (2020) Comparative impact of bioinoculants on nutrient uptake, enzyme activities and growth of Cassia angustifolia Vhal (Senna) and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) (Guar) in Feldspar mine spoil. S Afr J Bot 140:434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.12.006
Junia R, Kasana RC, Jain N, Aseri GK (2021) Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.): a potential candidate for the rehabilitation of feldspar mine spoil amended with bioinoculants. Indian J Agric Res 55:129–136
Karthikeyan A, Krishnakumar N (2012) Reforestation of bauxite mine spoils with Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Ann For Res 55:207–216
Karthikeyan A, Prakash SM (2008) Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Phosphobacterium and Azospirillum sp. on the successful establishment of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. in bauxite mine spoils. For Trees Livelihoods 18:183–191
Karthikeyan A, Deeparaj B, Nepolean P (2009) Reforestation in bauxite mine spoils with Casuarina equisetifolia Frost. and beneficial microbes. For Trees Livelihoods 19:153–165
Kepel BJ, Gani MA, Tallei TE (2020) Comparison of bacterial community structure and diversity in traditional gold mining waste disposal site and rice field by using a metabarcoding approach. Int J Microbiol 2020:1858732. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1858732
Kobae Y, Ohmori Y, Saito C, Yano K, Ohtomo R, Fujiwara T (2016) Phosphate treatment strongly inhibits new arbuscule development but not the maintenance of arbuscule in mycorrhizal rice roots. Plant Physiol 171:566–579
Kumar S, Singh AK, Ghosh P (2018) Distribution of soil organic carbon and glomalin related soil protein in reclaimed coal mine-land chronosequence under tropical condition. Sci Total Environ 625:1341–1350
Li D, Yin N, Xu R, Wang L, Zhang Z, Li K (2021) Sludge amendment accelerating reclamation process of reconstructed mining substrates. Sci Rep 11:1–9
Luo Y, Hao X, Zhang K (2019) Effect of inoculation of AM fungi on different phosphorus morphology of discarded soil in coal mining area. Southwest China J Agric Sci 32:381–388
Meyer E, Londoño DM, de Armas RD, Giachini AJ, Rossi MJ, Stoffel SC, Soares CR (2017) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the growth and extraction of trace elements by Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver) in a substrate containing coal mine wastes. Int J Phytoremediation 19:113–120
Mushia NM, Ramoelo A, Ayisi KK (2016) The impact of the quality of coal mine stockpile soils on sustainable vegetation growth and productivity. Sustainability 8:546
Muthukumar T, Udaiyan K (2018) Coinoculation of bioinoculants improve Acacia auriculiformis seedling growth and quality in a tropical Alfisol soil. J For Res 29:663–673
Ohsowski BM, Klironomos JN, Dunfield KE, Hart MM (2012) The potential of soil amendments for restoring severely disturbed grasslands. Appl Soil Ecol 60:77–83
Ohsowski BM, Dunfield K, Klironomos JN, Hart MM (2018) Plant response to biochar, compost, and mycorrhizal fungal amendments in post-mine sandpits. Restor Ecol 26:63–72
Orchard S, Standish RJ, Nicol D, Dickie IA, Ryan MH (2017) Fine root endophytes under scrutiny: a review of the literature on arbuscule-producing fungi recently suggested to belong to the Mucoromycotina. Mycorrhiza 27:619–638
Parihar M, Rakshit A, Meena VS, Gupta VK, Rana K, Choudhary M, Tiwari G, Mishra PK, Pattanayak A, Bisht JK, Jatav SS (2020) The potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in C cycling: a review. Arch Microbiol 202:1581–1596
Park H, Lee EH, Ka KH, Eom AH (2016) Community structures of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soils and plant roots inhabiting abandoned mines of Korea. Mycobiology 44:277–282
Policelli N, Horton TR, Hudon AT, Patterson T, Bhatnagar JM (2020) Back to roots: the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in boreal and temperate forest restoration. Front For Glob Change 3:97. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.00097
Prabhu TN, Rodrigues BF (2019) Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal diversity on stabilized iron ore mine dumps in Goa, India. Kavaka 53:34–41
Pringle A, Bever JD, Gardes M, Parrent JL, Rillig MC, Klironomos JN (2009) Mycorrhizal symbioses and plant invasions. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 40:699–715
Pulungan AS, Nasution MY (2021) Biodiversity arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the former gold mine area in North Sumatra. J Phys Con Ser 1819:012045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1819/1/012045
Qiu L, Bi Y, Jiang B, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhakypbek Y (2019) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ameliorate the chemical properties and enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil in reclaimed mining subsidence in northwestern China. J Arid Land 11:135–147
Rillig MC (2004) Arbuscular mycorrhizae, glomalin, and soil aggregation. Can J Soil Sci 84:355–363
RodrÃguez L, Ruiz E, Aloso-Azcárate J, Rincón J (2009) Heavy metal distribution and chemical speciation in tailing and soils around a Pb–Zn mine in Spain. J Environ Manag 90:1106–1116
Salim MA, Budi RSW, Setyaningsih L, Iskandar, Wahyudi I, Kirmi H (2020) Root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in various age classes of revegetation post-coal mine. Biodiversitas 21:5013–5022
Sánchez-Castro I, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Cleyet-Marel JC, Baudoin E, van Tuinen D (2017) Glomeromycota communities survive extreme levels of metal toxicity in an orphan mining site. Sci Total Environ 598:121–128
Selosse MA, Strullu-Derrien C, Martin FM, Kamoun S, Kenrick P (2015) Plants, fungi and oomycetes: a 400-million year affair that shapes the biosphere. New Phytol 206:501–206
Sharma S, Prasad R, Varma A, Sharma AK (2017) Glycoprotein associated with Funneliformis coronatum, Gigaspora margarita and Acaulospora scrobiculata suppress the plant pathogens in vitro. Asian J Plant Pathol 11:192–202
Singh PK, Singh M, Tripathi BN (2013) Glomalin: an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal soil protein. Protoplasma 250:663–669
Singh AK, Zhu X, Chen C, Wu J, Yang B, Zakari S, Jiang XJ, Singh N, Liu W (2020) The role of glomalin in mitigation of multiple soil degradation problems. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 13:1–35
Smith S, Read D (2008) Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 3rd edn. Academic Press, New York
Smith FA, Smith SE (2013) How useful is the mutualism-parasitism continuum of arbuscular mycorrhizal functioning? Plant Soil 363:7–18
Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046
Steinberger JK, Krausmann F, Eisenmenger N (2010) Global patterns of materials use: a socioeconomic and geophysical analysis. Ecol Econ 69:1148–1158
Sun Z, Song J, **n XA, **e X, Zhao B (2018) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal 14-3-3 proteins are involved in arbuscule formation and responses to abiotic stresses during AM symbiosis. Front Microbiol 9:91
Sun S, Sun H, Zhang D, Zhang J, Cai Z, Qin G, Song Y (2019) Response of soil microbes to vegetation restoration in coal mining subsidence areas at Huaibei coal mine, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:1757
Suting EG, Devi NO (2021) Occurrence and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in trap cultures from limestone mining sites and un-mined forest soil of Mawsmai, Meghalaya. Trop Ecol 31:1–3
Teixeira AF, Kemmelmeier K, Marascalchi MN, Stürmer SL, Carneiro MA, Moreira FM (2017) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in an iron mining area and its surroundings: inoculum potential, density, and diversity of spores related to soil properties. Ciênc e Agrotecnologia 41:511–525
Tuheteru FD, Arif A, Husna H, Mansur I, Tuheteru EJ, Jusniar J, Basrudin B, Albasri A, Hadijah MH, Karepesina S (2020) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation improves Nauclea orientalis L. growth and phosphorus uptake in gold mine tailings soil media. J Degraded Min Lands Manage 7:2193–2200
Verma P, Verma RK (2019) Role of growth promoting microbes in growth improvement of Holoptelia integrifolia seedling for plantation on iron ore mine overburden. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci 8:68–77
Vieira CK, Marascalchi MN, Rodrigues AV, de Armas RD, Stürmer SL (2018) Morphological and molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in revegetated iron-mining site has the same magnitude of adjacent pristine ecosystems. J Environ Sci 67:330–343
Wang F (2017) Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in mining-impacted sites and their contribution to ecological restoration: mechanisms and applications. Crit Rev Envion Sci Technol 47:1901–1957
Wang J, Wang P, Qin Q, Wang H (2017a) The effects of land subsidence and rehabilitation on soil hydraulic properties in a mining area in the loess plateau of China. Catena 159:51–59
Wang J, Zhao F, Yang J, Li X (2017b) Mining site reclamation planning based on land suitability analysis and ecosystem services evaluation: a case study in Liaoning province, China. Sustainability 9:890. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9060890
Wilson GWT, Rice CW, Rillig MC, Springer A, Hartnett DC (2009) Soil aggregation and carbon sequestration are tightly correlated with the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: results from long-term field experiments. Ecol Lett 12:452–461
Woźniak G, Chmura D, Małkowski E, Zieleźnik-Rusinowska P, Sitko K, Ziemer B, Błońska A (2021) Is the age of novel ecosystem the factor driving arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in Poa compressa and Calamagrostis epigejos? Plan Theory 10:949
Wulandari D, Cheng W, Tawaraya K (2016) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation improves Albizia saman and Paraserianthes falcataria growth in post-opencast coal mine field in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. For Ecol Manag 376:67–73
**ao L, Bi Y, Du S, Wang Y, Guo C (2019) Effects of re-vegetation type and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation on soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass in coal mining subsidence areas of Northern China. Catena 177:202–209
Yan D, Mills JG, Gellie NJ, Bissett A, Lowe AJ, Breed MF (2018) High-throughput eDNA monitoring of fungi to track functional recovery in ecological restoration. Biol Conserv 217:113–120
Yan A, Wang Y, Tan SN, Mohd Yusof ML, Ghosh S, Chen Z (2020) Phytoremediation: a promising approach for revegetation of heavy metal-polluted land. Front Plant Sci 11:359
Yang Y, Liang Y, Ghosh A, Song Y, Chen H, Tang M (2015) Assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi status and heavy metal accumulation characteristics of tree species in a lead–zinc mine area: potential applications for phytoremediation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:13179–13193
Yang Y, He C, Huang L, Ban Y, Tang M (2017) The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on glomalin-related soil protein distribution, aggregate stability and their relationships with soil properties at different soil depths in lead-zinc contaminated area. PLoS One 12:e0182264. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182264
Zanchi CS, Batista ER, Silva AO, Barbosa MV, Pinto FA, dos Santos JV, Carneiro MA (2021) Recovering soils affected by iron mining tailing using herbaceous species with mycorrhizal inoculation. Water Air Soil Pollut 232:1–3
Zhan F, Li B, Jiang M, Li T, He Y, Li Y, Wang Y (2019) Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and heavy metal accumulation of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] grown in a lead–zinc mine wasteland. Int J Phytoremediation 21:849–856
Zhang Y, Bi Y, Shen H, Zhang L (2020) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance sea buckthorn growth in coal mining subsidence areas in Northwest China. J Microbiol Biotechnol 30:848–855
Zhang J, Bi Y, Song Z, **ao L, Christie P (2021) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter root and foliar responses to fissure-induced root damage stress. Ecol Indic 127:107800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107800
Acknowledgements
This work was partly supported by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) Fund for Improvement of Science and technology Infrastructure (FIST) [Grant No: SR/FST/LS-II/2017/106 (C)]. We also thank the Indian council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehra Dun for the necessary support of this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Muthukumar, T., Karthikeyan, A. (2024). Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Mined Land: Distribution and Function in Reclamation of Mined Land Ecosystems. In: Ansari, R.A., Rizvi, R., Mahmood, I. (eds) Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Agroecosystem Restoration. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5030-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5030-0_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-5029-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-5030-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)