Finding Applications for Secondary Raw Materials

Abstract

The unsustainable nature of linear production models has instigated the emergence of new, circular industrial systems. In a product-centric approach, reuse and remanufacturing strategies are relatively straightforward but there are still issues when attempting to close material loops via recycling scenarios. Even now, secondary raw materials are scantly used due to difficulties in finding suitable applications or a lack of confidence in their properties and performance. This chapter is inspired by Ashton et al. (Int J Sustain Eng 11(6):420–428, 2018), who used Ashby property charts to identify applications for recycled polymeric multi-materials from toothbrushes. Here, we propose a systematic and generalized method to determine applications for secondary raw materials. It is based on the identification of virgin materials that can be potentially replaced. These materials have similar or inferior properties compared to the secondary raw material and can be visually targeted using Ashby charts as previously proposed. Applications can also be identified using a new analytical software tool applied to a large database. It utilizes an index based on nearness criteria defined by relevant properties to find suitable materials. The database in question contains information on typical applications for these materials. The final assessment is then made to maximize the potential value of a subsequent material substitution. Examples are given from existing and potential material loops. This chapter is aimed at facilitating circular business models, which need innovative methods to turn waste into secondary raw materials.