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Energy Policies from the Angle of the SMMA

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China’s Approach to Energy Security

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Abstract

This chapter aims to set out how an SMMA has been drawn upon in China’s general energy policies with oil and natural gas in particular. From an evolutional perspective, the Chinese government’s policy inclination is moving from supply-side measures to a more comprehensive way of trying to balance between the supply-side and demand-led measures.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Discussions of institutional reforms and the external measures (“oil diplomacy”) can refer to Chapters 3 and 6 respectively.

  2. 2.

    Guowuyuan Fazhan Yanjiu Zhongxin Ziyuan yu Huan**g Zhengce Yanjiusuo (Institute of Resources and Environmental Policy, Development Research Center of the State Council) ed., Zhongguo Nengyuan Geming **zhan Baogao (Progress Report of China Energy Revolution (2020)), Bei**g: Shiyou Gongye Chubanshe (Petroleum Industry Press), 2020, p. 33.

  3. 3.

    Weibing Dong, “Zhongguo Dongbu lao youtian kaifa de shijian tansuo yu qushi” (Probe of develo** old oilfields in the east of China and its enlightment), Kuaiji zhi you (Friends of Accounting), No. 1, 2001.

  4. 4.

    People’s Daily, 14 January 2003.

  5. 5.

    Yusi Li, “Shengli Youtian 50 nian chanyou zhan quanguo 1/5, ‘shierwu’ wen chan 2700 wandun” (Crude oil output from Shengli Oilfield accounted for 1/5 in China for 50 years, maintaining an output of 27 Mt during the Twelfth periods), Zhongguo **gji wang (China Economic Net), 16 June 2011, http://www.ce.cn/cysc/ny/shiyou/201106/10/t20110610_20989809.shtml, accessed 9 November 2013.

  6. 6.

    Yumin Zhang, “Daqing Youtian shixian yuanyou siqian wandun shinian wenchan” (Daqing Oilfield Produced 40 Mt with ten-year stabilized production), Heilongjiang Daily, 5 January 2013.

  7. 7.

    Changjie Liu and **yi youjia” (“Gao Shixian: the establishment of oil stock system is not for the purpose of curbing oil prices”), Bei**g: **gji cankao bao (Economic Information Daily), 2 September 2004. http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/OP-c/651226.htm, accessed 30 August 2006.

  8. 52.

    BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013.

  9. 53.

    Zhongshiyou **gji Jishu Yanjiuyuan (Institute of Economics and Technology, of CNPC), 2021 Nian Guoneiwai Youqi Hangye Fazhan Baogao (2021 Domestic and Foreign Oil and Gas Industry Development Report), April 2022.

  10. 54.

    EIA, “Country Analysis—China,” http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=CH, accessed 2 December 2013.

  11. 55.

    Ibid.

  12. 56.

    Data from Peng Gao, “2021 Nian Zhongguo Youqi Guandao Jianshe ** on the Building of Ecological Civilization,” Webpage of the MEP, 2 September 2013, http://english.mep.gov.cn/Ministers/Activities/201309/t20130917_260331.htm, accessed 30 December 2013.

  13. 72.

    James T. Areddy, “Data Illustrate Poor State of China’s Soil,” The Wall Street Journal, 30 December 2013.

  14. 73.

    Charles Riley, “Air Pollution Cuts Life Expectancy by 5.5 Years in China—Study,” CNN, 9 July 2013. http://money.cnn.com/2013/07/09/news/china-air-pollution/index.html, accessed 30 December 2013.

  15. 74.

    ** Guo elucidated the major difficulties in putting Green GDP into practice. These include the lack of an incentive structure, the regulators also being regulated, hard to measure and price the environment effects, and other unknown costs. Guo Liang**, “What ‘Green Storm?”—The Politics of ‘Green GDP’ in China,” East Asia Institute Seminar, National University of Singapore, 24 June 2005.

  16. 93.

    “Zhonggong Shiba Jie Wu zhong Quanhui Gongbao” (Communiqué of the Fifth Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China), 29 October 2015.

  17. 94.

    Jie** Li, “Urban Communication: Problems and Countermeasures—On the Function of TDM,” Urban Transportation, Vol. 3, 2002.

  18. 95.

    **aomei Mao and **aofang Feng, “China Released the First National Compulsory Criterion to Control Vehicles’ Oil Consumption,” **nhua News Agency, 28 October 2004. http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shehui/1060/2950752.html, accessed 16 September 2006.

  19. 96.

    Eric Downs, 2004, ibid., p. 164.

  20. 97.

    China Daily, 24 December 2004.

  21. 98.

    Eve Cary, “The Curious Case of China’s GDP Figures,” The Diplomat, 5 March 2013, http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/the-curious-case-of-chinas-gd-figures/, accessed 25 December 2013.

  22. 99.

    **nwen Chenbao (Shanghai Morning Post), “Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao Wins Civilian Hearts, Applauded for Eight Times in his Half-Hour Speech,” 5 April 2006.

  23. 100.

    According to World Watch Institute, it only declined 15.37%. See Sheldon Yoder, “Energy Intensity of Global Economy Rises, Reversing Longtime Trend,” World Watch Institute, http://www.worldwatch.org/energy-intensity-energy-efficiency-gross-world-product-emerging-economies-infrastructure-development, accessed 6 December 2013.

  24. 101.

    Interview with Yu Cong, director of Energy Efficiency Centre of NDRC’s ERI, Bei**g, 19 December 2005.

  25. 102.

    **e Ye, 2004, ibid.

  26. 103.

    Interview with Yu Cong, Bei**g, 8 December 2004.

  27. 104.

    **e, Ye, 2004, ibid.

  28. 105.

    Qingtai Chen, “zhongguo guojia nengyuan zhanglue he zhengce” (China National Energy Strategy and Policy), **n Nengyuan Wang (New Energy), 12 July 2006, http://newenergy.giec.cas.cn/zcfg/200607/t20060712_184070.html, accessed 26 February 2023.

  29. 106.

    **nhua News Agency, “Focusing on ‘Green GDP’: Optimising Economic Development through Environmental Protection,” 7 September 2006, http://news.xinhuanet.com/environment/2006-09/07/content_5066043.htm, accessed 25 December 2013.

  30. 107.

    Including Bei**g, Tian**, Chongqing, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Anhui, Sichuan, Hebei, Liaoning and Hainan.

  31. 108.

    **nhua News Agency, “Focusing on ‘Green GDP’,” ibid.

  32. 109.

    **nhua News Agency, “An Interpretation of China’s First Green GDP Report: What Do 3.05% and 1.8% Mean?” http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2006-09/07/content_5063137.htm, accessed 28 December 2013.

  33. 110.

    Yongnian ZHENG and Minjia CHEN, “China Promotes Green GDP for More Balanced Development,” Briefing Series—Issue 16, China Policy Institute, Nottingham University, December 2006.

  34. 111.

    Zhongguo **nwen wang (China News Net), “Behind the Curtain of Publishing China’s Green GDP: Some Localities Requested not to Publish the Results,” 11 September 2006. http://www.chinanews.com/other/news/2006/09-11/787916.shtml, accessed 28 December 2013.

  35. 112.

    Jiaoming Pan, “Li Deshui Strongly Questioned, Green GDP Had Been Utopiaed in the Dispute Between Ministries,” Shangwu Zhoukang (Business Weekly), 20 May 2005. http://finance.sina.com.cn/g/20050620/14151702992.shtml, accessed 29 December 2013.

  36. 113.

    China Economic Review, “Green GDP Project Cancelled,” 4 March 2009, http://www.chinaeconomicreview.com/dailybriefing/2009_03_04/green_gdp_project_cancelled.html, accessed 19 December 2013.

  37. 114.

    Jason N. Rauch and Ying F. Chi, “The Plight of Green GDP in China,” Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2010, pp. 102–116.

  38. 115.

    Zhongguo **nwen Wang, “Behind the Curtain of Publishing China’s Green GDP,” ibid.

  39. 116.

    Based on **nhua News Agency, “China Reveals Multi-Pronged Air Pollution Battle Plan,” 12 September 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-09/12/c_132715799.htm, accessed 30 December 2013.

  40. 117.

    Zhou Shengxian, “Towards the New Era of Ecological Civilization,” ibid.

  41. 118.

    **nhua News Agency, “Organization Department of the CCP Central Committee Issued Circular on Improving Evaluation of Local Authorities,” 9 December 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/2013-12/09/c_118484309.htm, accessed 29 December 2013.

  42. 119.

    Angang Hu, “Chinese Energy Strategy for the 21st Century: Production, Consumption, Trade and Security,” in Kurt W. Radtke & Raymond Feddema (eds), Comprehensive Security in Asia: Views from Asia and the West on a Changing Security Environment, Netherlands: Brill, 2000, p. 345.

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  1. Peking University, Bei**g, China

    Shaofeng Chen

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Chen, S. (2023). Energy Policies from the Angle of the SMMA. In: China’s Approach to Energy Security. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3573-4_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3573-4_4

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