Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process-mediated nitrogen removal technology is an effective and sustainable method for wastewater treatment. Extensive and large-scale utilization of anammox bacteria is still not feasible because of its long doubling time as well as vulnerability to diverse operating conditions. In order to alter the activity of anammox bacteria, engineered nanomaterials are used as external modulators. Therefore, this chapter elaborates on the effects of different engineered nanomaterials on anammox-based biological nitrogen removal systems. Nanostructures, such as silver nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, nano zero-valent iron, are reported to stimulate the overall growth of Candidatus Jettenia, Candidatus Kuenenia, Candidatus Brocadia, Candidatus Scalindua, and others thereby enhancing total nitrogen removal rate. Likewise, nanostructured copper oxide, iron oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide can stimulate the biomass generation in anammox bacteria like Candidatus Anammoxoglobus, Parcubacteria_genera_incertae_sedis, and Denitratisoma. Various carbon-based nanostructures such as graphene nanosheets, \(\gamma\)-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, and reduced graphene oxide can also modulate the anammox process effectively. Nanomaterials can augment anammox-related enzymes such as nitrite oxidoreductase, hydrazine dehydrogenase, and hydrazine synthase. Expression of the vital genes such as hzsA, nirS, and hdh can be modulated by the nanoparticles which in turn influence the overall efficiency of the anammox process. Additionally, treatment with nanoparticles can enhance exopolysaccharide production, quorum-sensing, and cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) level that can offer better cell signaling and attachment of the bacterial biomass. Further exploration of the reaction kinetics would provide better understanding of the mechanism of interaction between these engineered nanomaterials and anammox bacteria that can revolutionize wastewater treatment.
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Acknowledgements
Dr. Sougata Ghosh acknowledges the Program of National Postdoctoral and Postgraduate System approved by PMU-B Board Committees (Contract No. B13F660065), Thailand (Ref. No. 6202/1592 dated May 01, 2023) and Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand for Post Doctoral Fellowship and funding under Reinventing University Program (Ref.No.6501.0207/9219 dated 14th September, 2022).
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Ghosh, S., Sarkar, B., Thongmee, S. (2023). Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation Using Engineered Nanomaterials as Potential Modulators. In: Shah, M.P. (eds) Anammox Technology in Industrial Wastewater Treatment. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3459-1_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3459-1_3
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