Abstract
Phenolic compounds are the most significant secondary metabolites produced by plants for the defense. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), obligate symbionts, are the prominent one with an expanded host range and have an important role in designing ecosystems and associated productivity. Nearly up to 70% of the vascular plants are capable to form symbiotic association with AMF. AMF are primarily dependent on the host plant for photosynthates but offer much more benefit in return for the well-being of the host. Notably, they are able to modulate the tolerance of the host plant against various types of biotic stresses like fungi, bacterial, viral, phytopathogens, herbivores and nematodes. To protect themselves from the stress, plants have modified themselves with different sensory systems which can detect biotic invasion and combat the harm it causes to growth, productivity and survival. The establishment of AMF with the plants starts with the recognition of signal molecules or mostly phenolics. Among phenolics, flavonoids are the abundant compounds which are able to accelerate the development of AMF at micromolar concentrations. In addition, strigolactones molecules are also responsible for the germination of spore and growth of hyphae in fungi. The increase in phenolics compound concentrations is effective in inducing enhanced resistance against these biotic stress agents.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agrawal AA (2011) Current trends in the evolutionary ecology of plant defence. Funct Ecol 25(2):420–432
Agrios GN (2005) Preface. In: Agrios GN (ed) Plant pathology, 5th edn. Academic, San Diego, CA
Ahanger MA, Tyagi SR, Wani MR, Ahmad P (2014) Drought tolerance: role of organic osmolytes, growth regulators, and mineral nutrients. In: Ahmad P, Wani MR (eds) Physiological mechanisms and adaptation strategies in plants under changing environment, vol 1. Springer, New York, pp 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8591-9_2
Akhtar MS, Siddiqui ZA (2007) Glomus intraradices, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, and Bacillus pumilus: effective agents for the control of root-rot disease complex of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J Gen Plant Pathol 74:53–60
Akhtar MS, Siddiqui ZA, Wiemken A (2010) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium to control plant fungal diseases. In: Lichtfouse E (ed) Alternative farming systems, biotechnology, drought stress and ecological fertilisation, Sustainable agriculture reviews, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht., pp 263–292
Akiyama K, Matsuoka H, Hayashi H (2002) Isolation and identification of a phosphate deficiency induced C-glycosyl-flavonoid that stimulates arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in melon roots. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 15:334–340
Akiyama K, Matsuzaki K, Hayashi H (2005) Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature 435:824–827
Akiyama K, Tanigawa F, Kashihara T, Hayashi H (2010) Lupin pyranoisoflavones inhibiting hyphal development in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Phytochemistry 71:1865–1871
Alasalvar C, Grigor JM, Zhang D, Quantick PC, Shahidi F (2001) Comparison of volatiles, phenolics, sugars, antioxidant vitamins, and sensory quality of different colored carrot varieties. J Agric Food Chem 49:1410–1416
Anderson PK, Cunningham AA, Patel NG, Morales FJ, Epstein PR, Daszak P (2004) Emerging infectious diseases of plants: pathogen pollution, climate change and agrotechnology drivers. Trends Ecol Evol 19(10):535–544
Antunes PM, Goss MJ (2005) Communication in the tripartite symbiosis formed by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Rhizobia and legume plants: a review. Am Soc Agron 48:199–122
Antunes PM, de Variennes A, Rajcan I, Goss MJ (2006) Accumulation of specific flavonoids in soybean as a function of the early tripartite symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Soil Biol Biochem 38:1234–1242
Arimura GI, Matsui K, Takabayashi J (2009) Chemical and molecular ecology of herbivore-induced plant volatiles: proximate factors and their ultimate functions. Plant Cell Physiol 50(5):911–923
Ashbolt NJ (2004) Microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in develo** regions. Toxicology 198(1):229–238
Atilano RA, Menge JA, van Gundy SD (1981) Interactions between Meloidogyne arenaria and Glomus fassiculatus in grape. J Nematol 13:52–57
Badri DV, Vivanco JM (2009) Regulation and function of root exudates. Plant Cell Environ 32:666–681
Bagyaraj DJ (1984) Biological interactions with mycorrhizal fungi. In: Powell CL, Bagyaraj DJ (eds) VA mycorrhiza. CRC Press, New York, pp 131–153
Bai FW, Yan J, Qu ZC, Zhang HW, Xu J, Ye MM, Shen DL (2002) Phylogenetic analysis reveals that a dwarfing disease on different cereal crops in China is due to rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV). Virus Gene 25(2):201–206
Bajaj R, Hu W, Huang Y, Chen S, Prasad R, Varma A, Bushley K (2015) The beneficial root endophyte Piriformospora indica reduces egg density of the soybean cyst nematode. Biol Control 90:193–199
Bajaj R, Prasad R, Varma A, Bushley KE (2017) The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the mycorrhizal-like fungus Piriformospora indica in biocontrol of plant parasitic nematodes. In: Varma A, Prasad R, Tuteja N (eds) Mycorrhiza. Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, pp 43–56
Balasubramanian N, Hao YJ, Toubarro D, Nascimento G, Simões N (2009) Purification, biochemical and molecular analysis of a chymotrypsin protease with prophenoloxidase suppression activity from the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. Int J Parasitol 39(9):975–984
Balasundram N, Sundram K, Samman S (2006) Phenolic compounds in plants and agri-industrial by-products: antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses. Food Chem 99:191–203
Balemi T, Negisho K (2012) Management of soil phosphorus and plant adaptation mechanisms to phosphorus stress for sustainable crop production: a review. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 12:547–562
Baptista MJ, Siqueira JO (1994) Efeito de flavonoides na germinação de esporos e no crescimento assimbiótico do fungo micorrízico arbuscular Gigaspora gigantea. Rev Bras Fisiol Veg 6:127–134
Barea JM, Pozo MJ, Azcon R, Azcon-Aguilar C (2005) Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere. J Exp Bot 56:1761–1778
Beckers GJM, Jaskiewicz M, Liu Y, Underwood WR, He SY, Zhang S, Conrath U (2009) Mitogen-activated protein kinases 3 and 6 are required for full priming of stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 21:944–953
Benaragama D, Shirtliffe SJ, Johnson EN, Duddu HSN, Syrovy LD (2016) Does yield loss due to weed competition differ between organic and conventional crop** systems? Weed Res 56(4):274–283
Benhamou N, Fortin JA, Hamel C, St Arnaud M, Shatilla A (1994) Resistance responses of mycorrhizal Ri T-DNA-transformed carrot roots to infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi. Phytopathology 84:958–968
Bertin C, Yang X, Weston A (2003) The role of root exudates and allelochemicals in the rhizosphere. Plant Soil 256:67–83
Bilgin DD, Zavala JA, Zhu JIN, Clough SJ, Ort DR, Delucia E (2010) Biotic stress globally downregulates photosynthesis genes. Plant Cell Environ 33(10):1597–1613
Biondi EG, Reisinger SJ, Skerker JM, Arif M, Perchuk BS, Ryan KR, Laub MT (2006) Regulation of the bacterial cell cycle by an integrated genetic circuit. Nature 444:899–904
Birkenbihl RP, Somssich IE (2011) Transcriptional plant responses critical for resistance towards necrotrophic pathogens. Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2011.00076
Boller T, He SY (2009) Innate immunity in plants: an arms race between pattern recognition receptors in plants and effectors in microbial pathogens. Science 324(5928):742–744
Bonfante P, Genre A (2010) Mechanisms underlying beneficial plant-fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nat Commun 1:48. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1046
Bouwmeester HJ, Matusova R, Zhongkui S, Beale MH (2003) Secondary metabolite signalling in host-parasitic plant interactions. Curr Opin Plant Biol 6:358–364
Bowles TM, Barrios-Masias FH, Carlisle EA, Cavagnaro TR, Jackson LE (2016) Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae on tomato yield, nutrient uptake, water relations, and soil carbon dynamics under deficit irrigation in field conditions. Sci Total Environ 566:1223–1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.178
Bravo L (1998) Polyphenols: chemistry ,dietary sources, metabolism and nutritional significance. Nutr Rev 56:317–333
Bridge J (1996) Nematode management in sustainable and subsistence agriculture. Annu Rev Phytopathol 34(1):201–225
Buee M, Rossignol M, Jauneau A, Ranjeva R, Becard G (2000) The pre-symbiotic growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is induced by a branching factor partially purified from plant root exudates. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13:693–698
Burger J, Darmency H, Granger S, Guyot SH, Messéan A, Colbach N (2015) Simulation study of the impact of changed crop** practices in conventional and GM maize on weeds and associated biodiversity. Agric Syst 137:51–63
Caarls L, Pieterse CM, Van Wees S (2015) How salicylic acid takes transcriptional control over jasmonic acid signaling. Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00170
Cameron DD, Neal AL, van Wees SC, Ton J (2013) Mycorrhiza induced resistance: more than the sum of its parts? Trends Plant Sci 18:539–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2013.06.004
Campe R, Loehrer M, Conrath U, Goellner K (2014) Phakopsora pachyrhizi induces defense marker genes to necrotrophs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 87:1–8
Campos-Soriano L, García-Martínez J, Segundo BS (2012) The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis promotes the systemic induction of regulatory defence-related genes in rice leaves and confers resistance to pathogen infection. Mol Plant Pathol 13:579–592
Cheng X, Tian C, Li A, Qiu J (2012) Advances on molecular mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions. Yi Chuan Hereditas 34:134–144. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1005.2012.00134
Chisholm ST, Coaker G, Day B, Staskawicz BJ (2006) Host-microbe interactions: sha** the evolution of the plant immune response. Cell 124(4):803–814
Cobb NA (1917) The mononchs (Mononchus Bastian 1866), a genus of free-living predatory nematodes. Soil Sci 3:431–486
Collins NC, Thordal-Christensen H, Lipka V, Bau S (2003) SNARE-protein-mediated disease resistance at the plant cell wall. Nature (London) 425(6961):973–977
Conrath U (2009) Priming of induced plant defense responses. In: Loon LCV (ed) Advances in botanical research. Academic, Burlington, MA, pp 361–395
Conrath U, Beckers GJM, Flors V, García-Agustín P, Jakab G, Mauch F, Newman MA, Pieterse CMJ, Poinssot B, Pozo MJ, Pugin A, Schaffrath U, Ton J, Wendehenne D, Zimmerli L, MauchMani B (2006) Priming: getting ready for battle. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 11:1017–1028
Cordeiro MAS, Ferreira DA, Paulino HB, Souza CRF, Siqueira JO, Carneiro MAC (2015) Mycorrhization stimulant based in formononetin associated to fungicide and doses of phosphorus in soybean in the Cerrado. Biosci J 31:1062–1070
Cordier C, Pozo MJ, Barea JM, Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V (1998) Cell defense responses associated with localized and systemic resistance to Phytophthora induced in tomato by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 11:1017–1028
Dass A, Shekhawat K, Choudhary AK, Sepat S, Rathore SS, Mahajan G, Chauhan BS (2016) Weed management in rice using crop competitiona review. Crop Prot 95:45–52
de la Peña E, Rodriguez-Echevarria S, van der Putten WH, Freitas H, Moens M (2006) Mechanism of control of root-feeding nematodes by mycorrhizal fungi in the dune grass, Ammophila arenaria. New Phytol 169:829–840
De Vleesschauwer D, Xu J, Hãfte M, Höfte M (2014) Making sense of hormone-mediated defense networking: from rice to Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci 5:1–15
Denison RF, Kiers ET (2011) Life histories of symbiotic rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. Curr Biol 21:775–785
Dorn KM, Fankhauser JD, Wyse DL, Marks MD (2013) De novo assembly of the pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) transcriptome provides tools for the development of a winter cover crop and biodiesel feedstock. Plant J 75(6):1028–1038
Dudareva N, Negre F, Nagegowda DA, Orlova I (2006) Plant volatiles: recent advances and future perspectives. Crit Rev Plant Sci 25(5):417–440
Duncan LW (2005) Nematode parasites of citrus. In: Luc M, Sikora RA (eds) Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture. CABI Bioscience, Egham, UK. (Chapter 11)
Durner J, Shah J, Klessig DF (1997) Salicylic acid and disease resistance in plants. Trends Plant Sci 2(7):266–274
Durrant WE, Dong X (2004) Systemic acquired resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol 42:185–209
El-Khallal SM (2007) Induction and modulation of resistance in tomato plants against Fusarium wilt disease by bioagent fungi (arbuscular mycorrhiza) and/or hormonal elicitors (Jasmonic acid & Salicylic acid): 2-Changes in the antioxidant enzymes, phenolic compounds and pathogen related-proteins. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 1:717–732
Elsen A, Beeterens R, Swennen R, De Waele D (2003) Effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and two plant-parasitic nematodes on Musa genotypes differing in root morphology. Biol Fertil Soils 38:367–376
Elsen A, Gervacio D, Swennen R, De Waele D (2008) AMF-induced biocontrol against plant parasitic nematodes in Musa sp.: a systemic effect. Mycorrhiza 18:251–256
Etebu E, Nwauzoma AB (2014) A review on sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L Osbeck): health, diseases and management. Am J Res Commun 2(2):33–70
Fereres A, Moreno A (2009) Behavioural aspects influencing plant virus transmission by homopteran insects. Virus Res 141(2):158–168
Fernandes I, Alves A, Correia A, Devreese B, Esteves AC (2014) Secretome analysis identifies potential virulence factors of Diplodia corticola, a fungal pathogen involved in cork oak (Quercus suber) decline. Fung Biol 118(5):516–523
Ferraz L, Brown D (2002) An introduction to nematodes-plant nematology. Pensoft, Sofia
Fiehn O (2002) Metabolomics the link between genotypes and phenotypes. Plant Mol Biol 48:155–171
Filion M, St-Arnaud M, Jabaji-Hare SH (2003) Quantification of Fusarium solani f. sp phaseoli in mycorrhizal bean plants and surrounding mycorrhizosphere soil using real-time polymerase chain reaction and direct isolations on selective media. Phytopathology 93:229–235
Filipjev IN, Schuurmans Stekhoven JH (1941) A manual of agricultural helminthology. Brill, Leiden, p 878
Gachomo E, Allen JW, Pfeffer PE, Govindarajulu M, Douds DD, ** HR, Nagahashi G, Lammers PJ, Shachar-Hill Y, Bücking H (2009) Germinating spores of Glomus intraradices can use internal and exogenous nitrogen sources for de novo biosynthesis of amino acids. New Phytol 184:399–411
Gagne-Bourgue F, Aliferis KA, Seguin P, Rani M, Samson R, Jabaji S (2013) Isolation and characterization of indigenous endophytic bacteria associated with leaves of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars. J Appl Microbiol 114(3):836–853
Galibert F, Finan TM, Long SR, Puhler A, Abola P, Ampe F, BarloyHubler F, Barnett MJ, Becker A, Boistard P, Bothe G, Boutry M, Bowser L, Buhrmester J, Cadieu E, Capela D, Chain P, Cowie A, Davis RW, Dreano S, Federspiel NA, Fisher RF, Gloux S, Godrie T, Goffeau A, Golding B, Gouzy J, Gurjal M, Hernandez-Lucas I, Hong A, Huizar L, Hyman RW, Jones T, Kahn D, Kahn ML, Kalman S, Keating DH, Kiss E, Komp C, Lelaure V, Masuy D, Palm C, Peck MC, Pohl TM, Portetelle D, Purnelle B, Ramsperger U, Surzycki R, Thebault P, Vandenbol M, Vorholter FJ, Weidner S, Wells DH, Wong K, Yeh KC, Batut J (2001) The composite genome of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Science 293:668–672
Gange AC, West HM (1994) Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and foliar-feeding insects in Plantago lanceolata L. New Phytol 128:79–87
Gange AC, Brown VK, Aplin DM (2003) Multitrophic links between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and insect parasitoids. Ecol Lett 6:1051–1055
Genre A, Chabaud M, Timmers T, Bonfante P, Barker DG (2005) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi elicit a novel intracellular apparatus in Medicago truncatula root epidermal cells before infection. Plant Cell 17:3489–3499
George C, Kohler J, Rillig MC (2016) Biochars reduce infection rates of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans and associated biomass loss in carrot. Soil Biol Biochem 95:11–18
Gianinazzi S, Gollotte A, Binet MN, van Tuinen D, Redecker D, Wipf D (2010) Agroecology: the key role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in ecosystem services. Mycorrhiza 20:519–530
Gibson KE, Kobayashi H, Walker GC (2008) Molecular determinants of a symbiotic chronic infection. Annu Rev Genet 42:413–441
Giovannetti M, Avio L, Sbrana C (2010) Fungal spore germination and presymbiotic mycelial growth—physiological and genetic aspects. In: Koltai H, Kapulnik Y (eds) Arbuscular mycorrhizas: physiology and function. Springer, New York, pp 3–32
Goicoechea N, Garmendia I, Sánchez-Díaz M, Aguirreolea J (2010) Review. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as bioprotector agents against wilt induced by Verticillium spp. in pepper. Span J Agric Res 8(S1):S25–S42
Goodin MM, Zaitlin D, Naidu RA, Lommel SA (2008) Nicotiana benthamiana: its history and future as a model for plant–pathogen interactions. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 21(8):1015–1026
Grabau ZJ, Maung ZTZ, Noyes DC, Baas DG, Werling BP, Brainard DC, Melakeberhan H (2017) Effects of cover crops on Pratylenchus penetrans and the nematode community in carrot production. J Nematol 49(1):114
Graham JH (2001) What do root pathogens see in mycorrhizas. New Phytol 148:357–359
Grant M, Lamb C (2006) Systemic immunity. Curr Opin Plant Biol 9:414–420
Guenoune D, Galili S, Phillips DA, Volpin H, Chet I, Okon Y, Kapulnik Y (2001) The defense response elicited by the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is suppressed by colonization of the AM-fungus Glomus intraradices. Plant Sci 160:925–932
Guerrieri E, Lingua G, Digilio MC, Massa N, Berta G (2004) Do interactions between plant roots and the rhizosphere affect parasitoid behaviour? Ecol Entomol 29:753–756
Gworgwor NA, Weber HC (2003) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi–parasite–host interaction for the control of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. in sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Mycorrhiza 13:277–281
Hajra N, Shahina F, Firoza K (2013) Biocontrol of root-knot nematode by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Luffa cylindrica. Pak J Nematol 31:77–84
Hammond-Kosack K, Jones JDG (2000) Responses to plant pathogens. Biochem Mol Biol Plants 1:1102–1156
Hao Z, Fayolle L, van Tuinen D, Chatagnier O, Li X, Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V (2012) Local and systemic mycorrhiza-induced protection against the ectoparasitic nematode **phinema index involves priming of defence gene responses in grapevine. J Exp Bot 63:3657–3672
Harborne JB (1980) Plant phenolics. In: Bell EA, Charlwood BV (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology, Secondary plant products, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, pp 329–402
Hare P (2011) Antimalarial fungal pesticide. Nat Biotechnol 29(4):330–331
Harrison MJ (2005) Signaling in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Annu Rev Microbiol 59:19–42
Hartley SE, Gange AC (2009) Impacts of plant symbiotic fungi on insect herbivores: mutualism in a multitrophic context. Annu Rev Entomol 54:323–342
Hasan N, Jain RK (1987) Parasitic nematodes and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi associated with berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) in the Bundelkhan region. Indian J Nematol 17:184–188
Hassan S, Mathesius U (2012) The role of flavonoids in root-rhizosphere signalling: opportunities and challenges for improving plant-microbe interactions. J Exp Bot 63:3429–3444
Hause B, Mrosk C, Isayenkov S, Strack D (2007) Jasmonates in arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions. Phytochemistry 68:101–110
Haynes PA, Roberts TH (2007) Subcellular shotgun proteomics in plants: looking beyond the usual suspects. Proteomics 7(16):2963–2975
Hearne SJ (2009) Control-the Striga conundrum. Pest Manag Sci 65:603–614
Hijri M, Sanders IR (2005) Low gene copy number shows that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inherit genetically different nuclei. Nature 433:160–163
Hiltner L (1904) Uber neure Erfahrungen und probleme auf dem gebeit der bodenbackteriologie und unter besonderer berucksichtigung der grundungung und brache. Arb Deut Landwirsch Ges 98:59–78
Hussey RS, Roncadori RW (1982) Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may limit nematode activity and improve plant growth. Plant Dis 66:9–14
Jaiswal S, Fontanillas P, Flannick J, Manning A, Grauman PV, Mar BG, Lindsley RC, Mermel CH (2014) Age-related clonal hematopoiesis associated with adverse outcomes. N Engl J Med 371:2488–2498
Jaiti F, Meddich A, El Hadrami I (2007) Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the protection of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) against bayoud disease. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 71:166–173
John A, Bai H (2004) Evaluation of VAM for management of root knot nematodes in Brinjal. Indian J Nematol 34:22–25
Johns CD (2014) Agricultural application of mycorrhizal fungi to increase crop yields, promote soil health and combat climate change. Future Directions International. https://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/agricultural-application-of-mycorrhizal-fungi-toincrease-crop-yields-promote-soil-health-and-combat-climate-change/. Accessed 11 Aug 2020
Jung SC, Martinez-Medina A, Lopez-Raez JA, Pozo MJ (2012) Mycorrhiza-induced resistance and priming of plant defenses. J Chem Ecol 38:651–664
Kang KW, Lee SJ, Kim SG (2005) Molecular mechanism of nrf2 activation by oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 7(11–12):1664–1673
Kantharaju V, Krishnappa K, Ravichandra NG, Karuna K (2005) Management of root-knot fungus, Glomus fasciculatum. Indian J Nematol 35:32–36
Kaplan DT, Opperman CH (2000) Reproductive strategies and karyotype of the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis. J Nematol 32(2):126
Karban R (2010) Neighbors affect resistance to herbivory–a new mechanism. New Phytol 186(3):564–566
Karban R (2011) The ecology and evolution of induced resistance against herbivores. Funct Ecol 25(2):339–347
Kerry BR (2000) Rhizosphere interactions and the exploitation of microbial agents for the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Annu Rev Phytopathol 38(1):423–441
Kivlin SN, Hawkes CV, Treseder KK (2011) Global diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol Biochem 43:2294–2303
Kloppholz S, Kuhn H, Requena N (2011) A secreted fungal effector of Glomus intraradices promotes symbiotic biotrophy. Curr Biol 21:1204–1209
Kobra N, Jalil K, Youbert G (2009) Effects of three Glomus species as biocontrol agents against verticillium-induced wilt in cotton. J Plant Protect Res 49:185–189
Kofoid CA, White WA (1919) A new nematode infection of man. J Am Med Assoc 72:567–569
Koricheva J, Gange AC, Jones T (2009) Effects of mycorrhizal fungi on insect herbivores: a meta-analysis. Ecology 90:2088–2097
Kosuta S, Chabaud M, Lougnon G, Gough C, Dénarie J, Barker DG, Bécard G (2003) A diffusible factor from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induces symbiosis-specific MtENOD11 expression in roots of Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol 131:1–11
Kumari SMP, Prabina BJ (2019) Protection of Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum from Wilt Pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Glomus sp. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 8:1368–1378
Lamers J, Van Der Meer T, Testerink C (2020) How plants sense and respond to stressful environments. Plant Physiol 182:1624–1635. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.01464
Lamovsek J, Urek G, Trdan S (2013) Biological control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.): microbes against the pests/BIOTIcNO ZATIRANJE OGORcIC KORENINSKIH SISK (Meloidogyne spp.): MIKROORGANIZMI PROTI SKODLJIVCEM. Acta Agric Slov 101(2):263
Laparre J, Malbreila M, Letissec F, Portaisc JC, Rouxa C, Bécarda G, Puech-Pagésa V (2014) Combining metabolomics and gene expression analysis reveals that propionyl- and butyryl carnitines are involved in late stages of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mol Plant 7:554–566
Larose G, Chênevert R, Moutoglis P, Gagné S, Piché Y, Vierheilig H (2002) Flavonoid levels in roots of Medicago sativa are modulated by the developmental stage of the symbiosis and the root colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. J Plant Physiol 159:1329–1339
Lattanzio V (2013) Phenolic compounds: introduction. In: Ramawat KG, Merillon JM (eds) Natural products. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_57
Lattanzio V, Lattanzio VM, Cardinali A (2006) Role of phenolics in the resistance mechanisms of plants against fungal pathogens and insects. Phytochem Adv Res 661:23–67
Lee CW, Efetova M, Engelmann JC, Kramell R, Wasternack C, Ludwig-Müller J, Deeken R (2009) Agrobacterium tumefaciens promotes tumor induction by modulating pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 21(9):2948–2962
Lendzemo VW, Kuyper TW, Kropff MJ, van Ast A (2005) Field inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduces Striga hermonthica performance on cereal crops and has the potential to contribute to integrated Striga management. Field Crop Res 91:51–61
Lendzemo VW, Van Ast A, Kuyper TW (2006) Can arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to Striga management on cereals in Africa? Outlook Agric 35:307–311
Lendzemo VW, Kuyper TW, Matusova R, Bouwmeester HJ, van Ast A (2007) Colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of sorghum leads to reduced germination and subsequent attachment and emergence of Striga hermonthica. Plant Behav 2:58–62
Li J, Brader G, Palva ET (2004) The WRKY70 transcription factor: a node of convergence for jasmonate-mediated and salicylate-mediated signals in plant defense. Plant Cell 16(2):319–331
Li HY, Yang GD, Shu HR, Yang YT, Ye BX, Nishida I, Zheng CC (2006) Colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme induces a defense response against the rootknot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in the grapevine (Vitis amurensis Rupr.), which includes transcriptional activation of the class III chitinase gene VCH3. Plant Cell Physiol 47:154–163
Li AR, Smith SE, Smith FA, Guan KY (2012) Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi suppresses initiation of haustoria in the root hemiparasite Pedicularis tricolor. Ann Bot 109:1075–1080
Li AR, Guan KY, Stonor R, Smith SE, Smith FA (2013) Direct and indirect influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on phosphorus uptake by two root hemiparasitic Pedicularis species: do the fungal partners matter at low colonization levels? Ann Bot 112:1089–1098
Limpens E, van Zeijl A, Geurts R (2015) Lipochitooligosaccharides modulate plant host immunity to enable endosymbioses. Annu Rev Phytopathol 53:311–334
Lira MA Jr, Nascimento LRS, Fracetto GGM (2015) Legume-rhizobia signal exchange: promiscuity and environmental effects. Front Microbiol 6:945. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00945
Liu J, Maldonado-Mendoza I, Lopez-Meyer M, Cheung F, Town CD, Harrison MJ (2007) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is accompanied by local and systemic alterations in gene expression and an increase in disease resistance in the shoots. Plant J 50:529–544
Loon LCV, Bakker PAHM, Pieterse CMJ (1998) Systemic resistance induced by rhizosphere bacteria. Annu Rev Phytopathol 36:453–483
López-Ráez JA, Charnikhova T, Mulder P, Kohlen W, Bino R, Levin I, Bouwmeester H (2008) Susceptibility of the tomato mutant high pigment-2dg (hp-2dg) to Orobanche spp infection. J Agric Food Chem 56:6326–6332
López-Ráez JA, Matusova R, Cardoso C, Jamil M, Charnikhova T, Kohlen W, Verstappen F, Ruyter-Spira C, Bouwmeester HJ (2009) Strigolactones: ecological significance and use as a target for parasitic plant control. Pest Manag Sci 64:471–477
López-Ráez JA, Verhage A, Fernández I, García JM, Azcón-Aguilar C, Flors V, Pozo MJ (2010a) Hormonal and transcriptional profiles highlight common and differential host responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the regulation of the oxylipin pathway. J Exp Bot 61:2589–2601
López-Ráez JA, Flors V, García JM, Pozo MJ (2010b) AM symbiosis alters phenolic acid content in tomato roots. Plant Signal Behav 5:1138–1140
Louarn J, Carbonne F, Delavault P, Becard G, Rochange S (2012) Reduced germination of Orobanche cumana seeds in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or their exudates. PLoS One 7(11):e49273. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049273
Maillet F, Poinsot V, Andre O, Puech-Pages V, Haouy A, Gueunier M, Cromer L, Giraudet D, Formey D, Niebel A, Martinez EA, Driguez H, Bécard G, Dénarié J (2011) Fungal lipochitooligosaccharide symbiotic signals in arbuscular mycorrhiza. Nature 469:58–64
Mandal SM, Chakraborty D, Dey S (2010) Phenolic acids act as signaling molecules in plantmicrobe symbioses. Plant Signal Behav 5:359–368
Mang HG, Laluk KA, Parsons EP, Kosma DK, Cooper BR, Park HC, Chilosi G (2009) The Arabidopsis RESURRECTION1 gene regulates a novel antagonistic interaction in plant defense to biotrophs and necrotrophs. Plant Physiol 151(1):290–305
Mann RS, Ali JG, Hermann SL, Tiwari S, Pelz-Stelinski KS, Alborn HT, Stelinski LL (2012) Induced release of a plant-defense volatile ‘deceptively’ attracts insect vectors to plants infected with a bacterial pathogen. PLoS Pathog 8(3):111–124
Mansfield J, Genin S, Magori S, Citovsky V, Sriariyanum M, Ronald P, Toth IAN (2012) Top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria in molecular plant pathology. Mol Plant Pathol 13(6):614–629
Marro N, Paola L, Cabello M, Doucet ME, Becerra AG (2014) Use of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices as biological control agent of the nematode Nacobbus aberrans parasitizing tomato. Braz Arch Biol Technol 57:668–674
Matthews BF, Beard H, MacDonald MH, Kabir S, Youssef RM, Hosseini P, Brewer E (2013) Engineered resistance and hypersusceptibility through functional metabolic studies of 100 genes in soybean to its major pathogen, the soybean cyst nematode. Planta 237(5):1337
McDonald BA, Linde C (2002) The population genetics of plant pathogens and breeding strategies for durable resistance. Euphytica 124(2):163–180
Meixner C, Ludwig-Müller J, Miersch O, Gresshoff P, Staehelin C, Vierheilig H (2005) Lack of mycorrhizal autoregulation and phytohormonal changes in the supernodulating soybean mutant nts1007. Planta 222:709–715
Messinese E, Mun JH, Yeun LH, Jayaraman D, Rougé P, Barre A, Lougnon G, Schornack S, Bono JJ, Cook DR, Ané JM (2007) A novel nuclear protein interacts with the symbiotic DMI3 calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase of Medicago truncatula. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 20:912–921
Miedes E, Vanholme R, Boerjan W, Molina A (2015) The role of the secondary cell wall in plant resistance to pathogens. Plant Cell Wall Pathog Parasit Symb 78:213–221
Miranda M, Ralph SG, Mellway R, White R, Heath MC, Bohlmann J, Constabel CP (2007) The transcriptional response of hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa × P. deltoids) to infection by Melampsora medusae leaf rust involves induction of flavonoid pathway genes leading to the accumulation of proanthocyanidins. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 20(7):816–831
Mitra RM, Gleason CA, Edwards A, Hadfield J, Downie JA, Oldroyd GED, Long SR (2004) A Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase required for symbiotic nodule development: gene identification by transcript-based cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:4701–4705
Mohammadi K, Khalesro S, Sohrabi Y, Heidari G (2011) A review: Beneficial effects of the mycorrhizal fungi for plant growth. J Appl Environ Biol Sci 1:310–319
Monaghan J, Zipfel C (2012) Plant pattern recognition receptor complexes at the plasma membrane. Curr Opin Plant Biol 15:349–357
Morandi D, Gianinazzi-Pearson V (1986) Influence of mycorrhiza and phosphate nutrition on secondary metabolite contents of soybean roots. In: Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S (eds) Physiological and genetical aspects of mycorrhizae. INRA, Paris, pp 787–791
Morandi D, Bailey JA, Gianinazzi-Person V (1984) Isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean roots infected with vesicular-Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Physiol Plant Pathol 24:357–364
Morandi D, Le Signor C, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Duc G (2009) A Medicago truncatula mutant hyper-responsive to mycorrhiza and defective for nodulation. Mycorrhiza 19:435–441
Mukherjee A, Ané JM (2011) Germinating spore exudates from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: molecular and developmental responses in plants and their regulation by ethylene. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 24:260–270
Nagy PD (2008) Recombination in plant RNA viruses. In: Plant virus evolution, vol 26. Springer, Berlin, pp 133–156
Nair MG, Safir GR, Siqueira JO (1991) Isolation and identification of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza-stimulatory compounds from clover (Trifolium repens) roots. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:434–439
Nakmee PS, Techapinyawat S, Ngamprasit S (2016) Comparative potentials of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve nutrient uptake and biomass of Sorghum bicolor Linn. Agric Nat Resour 50:173–178
Navazio L, Moscatiello R, Genre A, Novero M, Baldan B, Bonfante P, Mariani P (2007) A diffusible signal from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi elicits a transient cytosolic calcium elevation in host plant cells. Plant Physiol 144:673–681
Nejat N, Mantri N (2017) Plant immune system: crosstalk between responses to biotic and abiotic stresses the missing link in understanding plant defence. Curr Issues Mol Biol 23:1–16. https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.023.001
Nguvo KJ, Gao X (2019) Weapons hidden underneath: bio-control agents and their potentials to activate plant induced systemic resistance in controlling crop Fusarium diseases. J Plant Dis Prot 126:177–190
Nicholson RL, Hammerschmidt R (1992) Phenolic compounds and their role in disease resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol 30:369–389
Nicol JM, Rivoal R (2008) Global knowledge and its application for the integrated control and management of nematodes on wheat. Integr Manag Biocontrol Veg Grain Crops Nematodes 2:251–294
Nicol JM, Turner SJ, Coyne DL, Den-Nijs L, Hockland S, Maafi ZT (2011) Current nematode threats to world agriculture. In: Genomics and molecular genetics of plant-nematode interactions, vol 45. Springer, Netherlands, pp 21–43
Noe JP (2004) Plant-parasitic nematodes. In: Trigiano RN (ed) Plant pathology: concepts and laboratory exercises. CRC Press
Nogales A, Aguirreolea J, Santa María E, Camprubí A, Calvet C (2009) Response of mycorrhizal grapevine to Armillaria mellea inoculation: disease development and polyamines. Plant Soil 31:177–187
Norman JR, Hooker JE (2000) Sporulation of Phytophthora fragariae shows greater stimulation by exudates of non-mycorrhizal than by mycorrhizal strawberry roots. Mycol Res 104:1069–1073
Norman J, Atkinson D, Hooker J (1996) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal-induced alteration to root architecture in strawberry and induced resistance to the root pathogen Phytophthora fragariae. Plant Soil 185:191–198
Ozgonen H, Erkilic A (2007) Growth enhancement and Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici Leonian) control by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation in pepper. Crop Prot 26:1682–1688
Pande S, Siddique KHM, Kishore GK, Bayaa B, Gaur PM, Gowda CLL, Crouch JH (2005) Ascochyta blight of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): a review of biology, pathogenicity, and disease management. Crop Past Sci 56(4):317–332
Parniske M (2008) Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses. Nat Rev Genet 6:763–775
Pastor V, Luna E, Mauch-Mani B, Ton J, Flors V (2012) Primed plants do not forget. Environ Exp Bot. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.02.013
Paszkowski U (2006) Mutualism and parasitism: the yin and yang of plant symbioses. Curr Opin Plant Biol 9:364–370
Paterson E, Sim A, Davidson J, Daniell TJ (2016) Arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae promote priming of native soil organic matter mineralization. Plant Soil 408:243–C254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-2928-8
Peck S, Mittler R (2020) Plant signaling in biotic and abiotic stress. J Exp Bot 71:1649–1651. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa051
Peña-Cortés H, Barrios P, Dorta F, Polanco V, Sánchez C, Sánchez E, Ramírez I (2004) Involvement of jasmonic acid and derivatives in plant response to pathogen and insects and in fruit ripening. J Plant Growth Regul 23:246–260
Pereira A (2016) Plant abiotic stress challenges from the changing environment. Front Plant Sci 7:1123
Petutschnig EK, Jones AM, Serazetdinova L, Lipka U, Lipka V (2010) The lysin motif receptor-like kinase (LysM-RLK) CERK1 is a major chitinbinding protein in Arabidopsis thaliana and subject to chitin induced phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 285(37):28902–28911
Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM, Van Pelt JA, Knoester M, Laan R, Gerrits H, Weisbeek PJ, Van Loon LC (1998) A novel signaling pathway controlling induced systemic resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 10:1571–1580
Pinior A, Wyss U, Piché Y, Vierheilig H (1999) Plants colonized by AM fungi regulate further root colonization by AM fungi through altered root exudation. Can J Bot 77:891–897
Pinochet J, Calvet C, Camprubi A, Fernandez C (1996) Interactions between migratory endoparasitic nematodes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in perennial crops – a review. Plant Soil 185:183–190
Pitzschke A, Schikora A, Hirt H (2009) MAPK cascade signalling networks in plant defence. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12(4):421–426
Pivato B, Gamalero E, Lemanceau P, Berta G (2008) Colonization of adventitious roots of Medicago truncatula by Pseudomonas fluorescens C7R12 as affected by arbuscular mycorrhiza. FEMS Microbiol Lett 289:173–180
Povero G, Loreti E, Pucciariello C, Santaniello A, Di Tommaso D, Di Tommaso G, Perata P (2011) Transcript profiling of chitosan-treated Arabidopsis seedlings. J Plant Res 124(5):619–629
Pozo MJ, Azcón-Aguilar C (2007) Unraveling mycorrhiza-induced resistance. Curr Opin Plant Biol 10:393–398
Pozo MJ, Azcón-Aguilar C, Dumas-Gaudot E, Barea JM (1999) β-1,3-Glucanase activities in tomato roots inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and/or Phytophthora parasitica and their possible involvement in bioprotection. Plant Sci 141:149–157
Pozo MJ, Cordier C, Dumas-Gaudot E, Gianinazzi S, Barea JM, Azcón-Aguilar C (2002) Localized versus systemic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on defence responses to Phytophthora infection in tomato plants. J Exp Bot 53:525–534
Pozo MJ, Van Der Ent S, Van Loon LC, Pieterse CMJ (2008) Transcription factor MYC2 is involved in priming for enhanced defense during rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 180:511–523
Pozo MJ, Verhage A, García-Andrade J, García JM, Azcón-Aguilar C (2009) Priming plant defence against pathogens by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: Azcón-Aguilar C, Barea JM, Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V (eds) Mycorrhizas—functional processes and ecological impact. Springer, Berlin, pp 123–135
Pozo MJ, Jung SC, López-Ráez JA, Azcón-Aguilar C (2010) Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on plant response to biotic stress: the role of plant defence mechanisms. In: Kapulnick Y, Douds DD (eds) Arbuscular mycorrhizas: physiology and function. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 193–207
Prins M, Laimer M, Noris E, Schubert J, Wassenegger M, Tepfer M (2008) Strategies for antiviral resistance in transgenic plants. Mol Plant Pathol 9(1):73–83
Prinsen E, Chauvaux N, Schmidt J, John M, Wieneke U, De Greef J, Schell J, Van Onckelen H (1991) Stimulation of indole-3-acetic acid production in rhizobium by flavonoids. FEBS Lett 282:53–55
Purcell AH, Hopkins DL (1996) Fastidious xylem-limited bacterial plant pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 34(1):131–151
Ramamoorthy V, Viswanathan R, Raguchander T, Prakasam V, Samiyappan R (2001) Induction of systemic resistance by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in crop plants against pests and diseases. Crop Prot 20(1):1–11
Ramegowda V, Senthil-Kumar M (2015) The interactive effects of simultaneous biotic and abiotic stresses on plants: mechanistic understanding from drought and pathogen combination. J Plant Physiol 176:47–54
Ramesh K, Rao AN, Chauhan BS (2017) Role of crop competition in managing weeds in rice, wheat, and maize in India: a review. Crop Prot 95:14–21
Randhir R, Lin Y-T, Shetty K (2004) Phenolics, their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in dark germinated fenugreek sprouts in response to peptide and phytochemical elicitors. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 13:295–307
Reddy N, Raghavender CR, Sreevani A (2006) Approach for enhancing Mycorrhiza mediated disease resistance of tomato dam**-off. Indian Phytopathol 59(3):299–304
Reddy DVR, Sudarshana MR, Fuchs M, Rao NC, Thottappilly G (2009) Genetically engineered virus-resistant plants in develo** countries: status and future prospects. Adv Virus Res 75:185–220
Rejeb IB, Pastor V, Mauch-Mani B (2014) Plant responses to simultaneous biotic and abiotic stress: molecular mechanisms. Plants 3:458–475. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants3040458
Requena N, Serrano E, Ocón A, Breuninger M (2007) Plant signals and fungal perception during arbuscular mycorrhizal establishment. Phytochemistry 68:33–40
Riely BK, Lougnon G, Ané JM, Cook DR (2007) The symbiotic ion channel homolog DMI1 is localized in the nuclear membrane of Medicago truncatula roots. Plant J 49:208–216
Rizhsky L, Liang H, Shuman J, Shulaev V, Davletova S, Mittler R (2004) When defense pathways collide. The response of Arabidopsis to a combination of drought and heat stress. Plant Physiol 134:1683–1696. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.033431
Robards R, Antolovich M (1997) Analytical chemistry of fruit bioflavonoids. A review. Analyst 122:11R–34R
Rodriguez RJ, Henson J, Van Volkenburgh E, Hoy M, Wright L, Beckwith F et al (2008) Stress tolerance in plants via habitat-adapted symbiosis. Int Soc Microb Ecol 2:404–416. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2007.106
Rouphael Y, Franken P, Schneider C, Schwarz D, Giovannetti M, Agnolucci M (2015) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi act as bio-stimulants in horticultural crops. Sci Hort 196:91–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.002
Rumbou A, von Bargen S, Büttner C (2009) A model system for plant-virus interaction—infectivity and seed transmission of Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Eur J Plant Pathol 124(3):527–532
Safdar A, Javed N, Khan SA, Safdar H, Haq IU, Abbas H, Ullah Z (2013) Synergistic effect of a fungus, Fusarium semitectum, and a nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, on citrus decline. Pak J Zool 45(3):643–651
Saijo Y, Loo EPI (2020) Plant immunity in signal integration between biotic and abiotic stress responses. New Phytol 225:87–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15989
Salam EA, Alatar A, El-Sheikh MA (2017) Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviates harmful effects of drought stress on damask rose. Saudi J Biol Sci 25(8):1772–1780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.10.015
Sankaranarayanan C, Sundarababu R (1994) Interaction of Glomus fasciculatum with Meloidogyne incognita inoculated at different timings on blackgram (Vigna mungo). Nematol Medit 22:35–36
Santamaria ME, Martínez M, Cambra I, Grbíc V, Diaz I (2013) Understanding plant defence responses against herbivore attacks: an essential first step towards the development of sustainable resistance against pests. Transgenic Res 22:697–708
Santi MM, Dipjyoti C, Satyahari D (2010) Phenolic acids act as signaling molecules in plantmicrobe symbioses. Plant Signal Behav 5(4):359–368
Sardana V, Mahajan G, Jabran K, Chauhan BS (2017) Role of competition in managing weeds: an introduction to the special issue. Crop Prot 95:1–7
Sato K, Naito M, Yukitake H, Hirakawa H, Shoji M, McBride MJ, Nakayama K (2010) A protein secretion system linked to bacteroidete gliding motility and pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(1):276–281
Scervino JM, Ponce MA, Erra-Bassells R, Vierheilig H, Ocampo JA, Godeas A (2005a) Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of tomato by Gigaspora and Glomus species in the presence of root flavonoids. J Plant Physiol 162:625–633
Scervino JM, Ponce MA, Erra-Bassells R, Vierheilig H, Ocampo JA, Godeas A (2005b) Flavonoids exhibit fungal species and genus specific effects on the presymbiotic growth of Gigaspora and Glomus. Mycol Res 109:789–794
Scervino JM, Ponce MA, Erra-Bassells R, Bornpadre J, Vierheilig H, Ocampo JA, Godeas A (2007) The effect of flavones and flavonols on colonization of tomato plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the genera Gigaspora and Glomus. Can J Microbiol 53:702–709
Schellenbaum L, Berta G, Ravolanirina F, Tisserant B, Gianinazzi S, Fitter AH (1991) Influence of endomycorrhizal infection on root morphology in a micropropagated woody plant species (Vitis vinifera L.). Ann Bot 68:135–141
Schliemann W, Ammer C, Strack D (2008) Metabolite profiling of mycorrhizal roots of Medicago truncatula. Phytochemistry 69:112–146
Schulze-Lefert P, Vogel J (2000) Closing the ranks to attack by powdery mildew. Trends Plant Sci 5(8):343–348
Schumann GL, D’Arcy CJ (2010) Essential plant pathology. American Phytopathological Society (APS Press), St. Paul, MI
Schüβler A, Schwarzott D, Walker C (2001) A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycol Res 105:1413–1421
Searle IR, Men AE, Laniya TS, Buzas DM, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Carroll BJ, Gresshoff PM (2003) Long-distance signaling in nodulation directed by a CLAVATA1-like receptor kinase. Science 299:109–112
Sharma SS, Dietz KJ (2009) The relationship between metal toxicity and cellular redox imbalance. Trends Plant Sci 14(1):43–50
Sharma SK, Bryan GJ, Winfield MO, Millam S (2007) Stability of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants regenerated via somatic embryos, axillary bud proliferated shoots, microtubers and true potato seeds: a comparative phenotypic, cytogenetic and molecular assessment. Planta 226(6):1449–1458
Sharma HC, Sujana G, Rao DM (2009) Morphological and chemical components of resistance to pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera in wild relatives of pigeonpea. Arthropod Plant Interact 3(3):151–161
Shreenivasa R, Krishnappa K, Ravichandra NG (2007) Interaction effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum and root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on growth and phosphorous uptake of tomato. Karnataka J Agric Sci 20:57–61
Siddiqui ZA, Akhtar MS (2007) Effects of AM fungi and organic fertilizers on the reproduction of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita and on the growth and water loss of tomato. Biol Fertil Soils 43:603–609
Siddiqui ZA, Mahmood I (1998) Effect of a plant growth promoting bacterium, an AM fungus and soil types on the morphometrics and reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato. Appl Soil Ecol 8:77–84
Siddiqui ZA, Pichtel J (2008) Mycorrhizae: an overview. In: Mycorrhizae: sustainable agriculture and forestry. Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Berlin, Germany, pp 1–35
Singh LP, Gill SS, Tuteja N (2011) Unraveling the role of fungal symbionts in plant abiotic stress tolerance. Plant Signal Behav 6:175–191
Siqueira JO, Safir GR, Nair MG (1991a) Significance of phenolic compounds in plant-soil microbial systems. Crit Rev Plant Sci 10:63
Siqueira JO, Safir GR, Nair MG (1991b) Stimulation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza formation and growth of white clover by flavonoid compounds. New Phytol 118:87–93
Skorupska A, Wielbo J, Kidaj D, Marek-Kozaczuk M (2010) Enhancing Rhizobium-legume symbiosis using signaling factors. In: Khan MS (ed) Microbes for legume improvement. Springer, Wien, pp 27–54
Smith SE, Read DJ (1997) Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic, San Diego
Smith SE, Read DJ (2008) Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 3rd edn. Elsevier Academic Publishers, New York
Smith SE, Read DJ (2010) Mycorrhizal symbiosis, Academic, Cambridge, MA. ISBN 978-0-08-055934-6
Song Y, Chen D, Lu K, Sun Z, Zeng R (2015) Enhanced tomato disease resistance primed by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Front Plant Sci 6:6
Spagnoletti FN, Cornero M, Chiocchio V, Lavado RS, Roberts IN (2020) Arbuscular mycorrhiza protects soybean plants against Macrophomina phaseolina even under nitrogen fertilization. Eur J Plant Pathol 156:839–849
Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev IV, Gryganskyi A et al (2016) A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108:1028–1046
Spoel SH, Dong X (2012) How do plants achieve immunity? Defence without specialized immune cells. Nat Rev Immunol 12:89–100
St Arnaud M, Elsen A (2005) Interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with soil-borne pathogens and non-pathogenic rhizosphere micro-organisms. In: Declerck S, Fortin JA, Strullu D-G (eds) In vitro culture of mycorrhizas. Springer, Berlin, pp 217–231
Steinkellner S, Lendzemo V, Langer I, Schweiger I, Khaosaad T, Toussaint J-P, Vierheilig H (2007) Flavonoids and strigolactones in root exudates as signals in symbiotic and pathogenic plant-fungus interactions. Molecules 12:1290–1306
Stracke S, Kistner C, Yoshida S, Mulder L, Sato S, Kaneko T, Tabata S, Sandal N, Stougaard J, Szczyglowski K, Parniske M (2002) A plant receptor-like kinase required for both bacterial and fungal symbiosis. Nature 417:959–962
Subramanian S, Stacey G, Yu O (2007) Distinct, crucial roles of flavonoids during legume nodulation. Trends Plant Sci 12:282–285
Swain T (1975) Evolution of flavonoid compounds. In: Harborne JB, Mabry TJ, Mabry H (eds) The flavonoids. Chapman & Hall, London, pp 1096–1138
Taliansky M, Torrance L, Kalinina NO (2008) Role of plant virus movement proteins. Methods Mol Biol 451:33–54
Tarkowski P, Vereecke D (2014) Threats and opportunities of plant pathogenic bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 32(1):215–229
Tedersoo L, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Kõljalg U, Bahram M, Döring M, Schigel DS, May T, Ryberg M, Abarenkov K (2018) High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. Fungal Divers 90:135–159
Thirkell TJ, Charters MD, Elliott AJ, Sait SM, Field KJ (2017) Are mycorrhizal fungi our sustainable saviours considerations for achieving food security. J Ecol 105:921–929. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12788
Thomma BP, Tierens KF, Penninckx IA, Mauch-Mani B, Broekaert WF, Cammue BP (2001) Different micro-organisms differentially induce Arabidopsis disease response pathways. Plant Physiol Biochem 39(7):673–680
Thorne ET, Young BM, Young GM, Stevenson JF, Labavitch JM, Matthews MA, Rost TL (2006) The structure of xylem vessels in grapevine (Vitaceae) and a possible passive mechanism for the systemic spread of bacterial disease. Am J Bot 93(4):497–504
Utkhede R (2006) Increased growth and yield of hydroponically grown greenhouse tomato plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp radicislycopersici. BioControl 51:393–400
Van-Dam NM (2009) How plants cope with biotic interactions. Plant Biol 11:1–5
Van der Ent S, Van Wees SCM, Pieterse CMJ (2009) Jasmonate signaling in plant interactions with resistance-inducing beneficial microbes. Phytochemistry 70:1581–1588
Van Hulten M, Pelser M, Van Loon LC, Pieterse CMJ, Ton J (2006) Costs and benefits of priming for defense in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:5602–5607
Van Rossum D, Schuurmans FP, Gillis M, Muyotcha A, Van Verseveld HW, Stouthamer AH, Boogerd FC (1995) Genetic and phenetic analyses of Bradyrhizobium strains nodulating peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) roots. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:1599–1609
Van Wees SCM, Van der Ent S, Pieterse CMJ (2008) Plant immune responses triggered by beneficial microbes. Curr Opin Plant Biol 11:443–448
Van-Doorn WG, Beers EP, Dangl JL, Franklin-Tong VE, Gallois P, Hara-Nishimura I, Mur LAJ (2011) Morphological classification of plant cell deaths. Cell Death Differ 18(8):1241–1246
Veresoglou SD, Rillig MC (2012) Suppression of fungal and nematode plant pathogens through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Biol Lett 8:214–217
Verhage A, van Wees SC, Pieterse CM (2010) Plant immunity: it’s the hormones talking, but what do they say? Plant Physiol 154(2):536–540
Vierheilig H (2004a) Regulatory mechanisms during the plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus interaction. Can J Bot 82:1166–1176
Vierheilig H (2004b) Further root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in already mycorrhizal plants is suppressed after a critical level of root colonization. J Plant Physiol 161:339–341
Vierheilig H, Piché Y (2002) Signalling in arbuscular mycorrhiza: facts and hypotheses. In: Buslig B, Manthey J (eds) Flavonoids in cell functions. Kluwer/Plenum, New York, pp 23–39
Vierheilig H, Bago B, Albrecht C, Poulin MJ, Piché Y (1998) Flavonoids and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: Manthey J, Buslig B (eds) Flavonoids in the living system. Plenum Press, New York, pp 9–33
Vierheilig H, Steinkellner S, Khaosaad T, Garcia-Garrido JM (2008) The biocontrol effect of mycorrhization on soilborne fungal pathogens and the autoregulation of the AM symbiosis: one mechanism, two effects? In: Varma A (ed) Mycorrhiza: state of the art, genetics and molecular biology, eco-function, biotechnology, eco-physiology, structure and systematics. Springer, Berlin, pp 307–320
Vos C, Claerhout S, Mkandawire R, Panis B, De Waele D, Elsen A (2011) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduce root-knot nematode penetration through altered root exudation of their host. Plant Soil 354:335–345
Vos C, Claerhout S, Mkandawire R, Panis B, de Waele D, Elsen A (2012a) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduce root-knot nematode penetration through altered root exudation of their host. Plant Soil 354:335–345
Vos C, Tesfahun A, Panis B, De Waele D, Elsen A (2012b) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induce systemic resistance in tomato against the sedentary nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the migratory nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. Appl Soil Ecol 61:1–6
Vuong TD, Sonah H, Meinhardt CG, Deshmukh R, Kadam S, Nelson RL, Nguyen HT (2015) Genetic architecture of cyst nematode resistance revealed by genome-wide association study in soybean. BMC Genomics 16(1):593
Waller F, Achatz B, Baltruschat H, Fodor J, Becker K, Fischer M, Franken P (2005) The endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica reprograms barley to salt-stress tolerance, disease resistance, and higher yield. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(38):13386–13391
Walling LL (2008) Avoiding effective defenses: strategies employed by phloem-feeding insects. Plant Physiol 146(3):859–866
Walters D, Heil M (2007) Costs and trade-offs associated with induced resistance. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 71:3–17
Wang B, Qiu Y-L (2006) Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of mycorrhizas in land plants. Mycorrhiza 16:299–363
Wang Z, Ma L-Y, Cao J, Li Y-L, Ding L-N, Zhu K-M et al (2019) Recent advances in mechanisms of plant defense to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Plant Sci 10:1314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.0131
War AR, Sharma HC, Paulraj MG, War MY, Ignacimuthu S (2011) Herbivore induced plant volatiles: their role in plant defense for pest management. Plant Signal Behav 6(12):1973–1978
Whipps JM (2004) Prospects and limitations for mycorrhizas in biocontrol of root pathogens. Can J Bot 82:1198–1227
Wu S, Chappell J (2008) Metabolic engineering of natural products in plants; tools of the trade and challenges for the future. Curr Opin Biotechnol 19:145–152
Wu Q, Luo Y, Lu R, Lau N, Lai EC, Li WX, Ding SW (2010) Virus discovery by deep sequencing and assembly of virus-derived small silencing RNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(4):1606–1611
Yano K, Yoshida S, Muller J, Singh S, Banba M, Vickers K, Markmann K, White C, Schuller B, Sato S, Asamizu E, Tabata S, Murooka Y, Perry J, Wang TL, Kawaguchi M, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Hayashi M, Parniske M (2008) CYCLOPS, a mediator of symbiotic intracellular accommodation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:20540–20545
Yao MK, Désilets H, Charles MT, Boulanger R, Tweddell RJ (2003) Effect of mycorrhization on the accumulation of rishitin and solavetivone in potato plantlets challenged with Rhizoctonia solani. Mycorrhiza 13:333–336
Youssef MMA, El-Nagdi WMA (2015) Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae: a promising trend for biocontrolling plant parasitic nematodes. A review. Sci Agric 11:76–80
Zaynab M, Fatima M, Abbas S, Sharif Y, Umair M, Zafar MH, Bahadar K (2018) Role of secondary metabolites in plant defense against pathogens. Microb Pathog 124:198–202
Zhang J, Subramanian S, Stacey G, Yu O (2009) Flavones and flavonols play distinct critical roles during nodulation of Medicago truncatula by Sinorhizobium meliloti. Plant J 57:171–183
Zhang R, Zhub H, Zhao H, Yao Q (2013) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation increases phenolic synthesis in clover roots via hydrogen peroxide, salicylic acid and nitric oxide signaling pathways. J Plant Physiol 170(1):74–79
Zhu JK (2016) Abiotic stress signalling and responses in plants. Cell 167(2):313–324
Zhu XC, Song FB, Xu HW (2010) Arbuscular mycorrhizae improve low temperature stress in maize via alterations in host water status and photosynthesis. Plant Soil 331:129–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0239-z
Zou YN, Srivastava AK, Wu QS (2016) Glomalin: a potential soil conditioner for perennial fruits. Int J Agric Biol 18:293–297. https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.0085
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lone, R., Mushtaq, G., Hassan, N., Malla, N.A., Rohella, G.K., Khan, S. (2024). Role of Phenolics in Establishing Mycorrhizal Association in Plants for Management of Biotic Stress. In: Lone, R., Khan, S., Mohammed Al-Sadi, A. (eds) Plant Phenolics in Biotic Stress Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3334-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3334-1_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-3333-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-3334-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)