Abstract
Due to the rapid growth in power generation from intermittent sources, the requirement for low-cost and flexible energy storage systems has given rise to many opportunities [1, 2]. Electrochemical redox flow batteries (RFBs) have emerged as a promising and practical technology for storing energy at large scales [3, 4]. Their scales range from kW to multiples of MW, making them suitable for load levelling, power quality control, coupling with renewable energies and uninterrupted power supply [3]. This can be attributed to their design flexibility, allowing for them to be readily scaled up in power and energy output [5]. This chapter provides a concise overview of RFB systems, covering the fundamental theory behind their operation, their historical development, components and materials, applications and latest developments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bottling electricity: Storage as a strategic tool for managing variability and capacity concerns in the modern grid. Technical report, The Electricity Advisory Committee (2008)
N. Tokuda, T. Kanno, T. Hara, T. Shigematsu, Y. Tsutsui, A. Ikeuchi, T. Itou, T. Kumamoto, Development of a redox flow battery system. SEI Tech. Rev. 50, 88–94 (1998)
J. Abboud, J. Makansi, Energy storage-the missing link in the electricity value chain, energy storage council white paper (2002)
J. Kondoh, I. Ishii, H. Yamaguchi, A. Murata, K. Otani, K. Sakuta, N. Higuchi, S. Sekine, M. Kamimoto, Electrical energy storage systems for energy network - energy conversion and management. Energy Convers. Manag. 41(17), 1863–1874 (2000)
E. McKeogh, A. Gonzalez, B. Gallachir, Study of electricity storage technologies and their potential to address wind energy intermittency in Ireland, sustainable energy Ireland, 2004. Sustainable energy research group, university college cork, 2004, final report (2004)
Redox flow cell development and demonstration project, redox flow cell development and demonstration project, calendar year 1977. u.s. dept. of energy, national aeronautics and space administration, nasa tm-79067 1-53. Technical report (1979)
T.R. Crompton, Battery Reference Book Battery Reference Book, Chap. 14 (Elsevier Science & Technology Books, Boston, Newnes, Oxford, England, 2000)
C. Ponce de Leon, A. Frias-Ferrer, J. Gonzalez-Garcia, D.A. Szanto, F.C. Walsh, Redox flow cells for energy conversion. J. Power Sources 160, 716–732 (2006)
A. Joseph, Battery storage systems in electric power systems. ieee power engineering society general meeting (2006)
J.Q. Pan, Y.Z. Sun, J. Cheng, Y.H. Wen, Y.S. Yang, P.Y. Wan, Study on a new single flow acid cu-pbo2 battery. Electrochem. Commun. 10(9), 1226–1229 (2008)
A. Hazza, D. Pletcher, R. Wills, A novel flow battery: a lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead (ii) part i. preliminary studies. J. Phys. Chem. 6, 1773–1778 (2004)
P.K. Leung, X. Li, C. Ponce de Leon, L. Berlouis, C.T.J. Low, F.C. Walsh, Progress in redox flow batteries, remaining challenges and their applications in energy storage. RSC Adv. 2, 10125–10156 (2012)
L.H. Thaller, Electrically rechargeable redox flow cells, us patent 3996064 (1976)
P.C. Butler, D.W. Miller, A.E. Verardo, Flowing-electrolyte-battery testing and evolution, in Energy Conversion Eng, editor, 17th Intersoc, Los Angeles, Conf (1982)
P.M. Spaziante, A. Pelligri, To oronzio de nori impianti elettrochimici s.p.a., gb patent 2030349. (1978)
M. Skyllas-Kazacos, F. Grossmith, Efficient vanadium redox flow cell. J. Electrochem. Soc. 134(12), 2950 (1987)
M. Skyllas-Kazacos, M. Rychcik, R.G. Robins, A. Fane, M. Green, New all-vanadium redox flow cell. J. Electrochem. Soc. 133(5), 1057 (1986)
V-fuel pty ltd., “status of energy storage technologies as enabling systems for renewable energy from the sun, wind, waves and tides.” House of representatives standing committee on industry and resources
B. Fang, S. Iwasa, Y. Wei, T. Arai, M. Kumagai, A study of the ce (iii)/ce (iv) redox couple for redox flow battery. Electrochim. Acta 47, 3971–3976 (2002)
F.Q. Xue, Y.L. Wang, W.H. Wang, X.D. Wang, Investigation on the electrode process of the mn(ii)/mn(iii) couple in redox flow battery. Electrochim. Acta 53, 6636–6642 (2008)
R.F. Koontz, R.D. Lucero, Handbook of Batteries, Chap. 39 (McGraw Hill, 1995)
D. Pletcher, R. Wills, A novel flow battery: a lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead (ii) part ii. Flow cell studies. Phys. Chem. 6, 1779–1785 (2004)
B. Huskinson, M.P. Marshak, C. Suh, S. Er, M.R. Gerhardt, C.J. Galvin, X. Chen, A. Aspuru-Guzik, R.G. Gordon, M.J. Aziz, A metal-free organic-inorganic aqueous flow battery. Nature 505(7482), 195–198 (2014)
K.X. Lin, Q. Chen, M.R. Gerhardt, L.C. Tong, S.B. Kim, L. Eisenach, A.W. Valle, D. Hardee, R.G. Gordon, M.J. Aziz, M.P. Marshak, Alkaline quinone flow battery. Science 349(6255), 1529–1532 (2015)
B. Yang, L. Hoober-Burkhardt, F. Wang, G.K. Surya Prakash, S.R. Narayanan, An inexpensive aqueous flow battery for large-scale electrical energy storage based on water-soluble organic redox couples. J. Electrochem. Soc. 161(9), A1371–A1380 (2014)
M. Futamata, S. Higuchi, O. Nakamura, I. Ogino, Y. Takeda, S. Okazaki, S. Ashimura, S. Takahashi, J. Power Sources 24, 137 (1988)
Y.H. Wen, H.M. Zhang et al., a study of the fe (iii)/ fe (ii) - triethanolamine complex redox couple flow battery application. Electrochim. Acta 51(18), 3769–3775 (2006)
Y.H. Wen, H.M. Zhang et al., Studies on iron ( fe3+/ fe2+)-complex/ bromine (br2/ br-) redox flow cell in sodium acetate solution. J. Electrochem. Soc 153(5), A929–A934 (2006)
P. Modiba, A.M. Crouch, Electrochemical study of cerium(iv) in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (dtpa) ligands. J. Appl. Electrochem. 38(9), 1293–1299 (2008)
C.H. Bae, E.P.L. Roberts, R.A.W. Dryfe, Chromium redox couples for application to redox flow batteries. Electrochim. Acta 48(3), 279–287 (2002)
G. Codina, J.R. Perez, M. Lopez-Atalaya, J.L. Vazquez, A. Aldaz, J. Power Sources 48, 293 (1994)
P. Garces, M.A. Climent, A. Aldaz, An. Quim. Sistemas de almacenamiento de energıa 83, 9 (1987)
M. Kazacos, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Performance characteristics of carbon plastic electrodes in the all-vanadium redox cell. J. Electrochem. Soc 136, 2759–2760 (1989)
B. Fang, S. Iwasa, Y. Wei, T. Arai, M. Kumagai, A study of the ce (iii)/ ce (iv) redox couple for redox flow battery application. Electrochim. Acta 47(24), 3971–3976 (2002)
P. Zhao, H.M. Zhang, H.T. Zhou, B.L. Yi, Nickel foam and carbon felt applications for sodium polysulfide/bromine redox flow battery electrodes 51(6), 1091–1098 (2005)
R.L. Clarke, B.J. Dougherty, S. Harrison, J.P. Millington, S. Mohanta, Battery with bifunctional electrolyte, us 2006/0063065 a1 (2005)
R.L. Clarke, B.J. Dougherty, S. Harrison, J.P. Millington, S. Mohanta, Cerium batteries, us 2004/ 0202925 a1 (2004)
M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Novel vanadium chloride/polyhalide redox flow battery. J. Power Sources 124(1), 299–302 (2003)
P. Leung, A.A. Shah, L. Sanz, C. Flox, J.R. Morante, Q. Xu, M.R. Mohamed, C.P.d. Leon, F.C. Walsh, Recent developments in organic redox flow batteries: a critical review 360, 243–283 (2017)
J. Doria, M.C.D. Andres, C. Armenta, Proc. 9th solar energy soc. 3, 1500 (1985)
M. Skyllas-Kazacos, M. Rychcik, R. Robins, Au patent 575247 (1986)
M. Skyllas-Kazacos, C. Menictas, The vanadium redox battery for emergency back-up applications, in 19th International Telecommunications Energy Conference, INTELEC 97 (1997), pp. 463–471
M. Kazakos, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, A. Mousa, Metal bromide redox flow cell. pct application, 2003, pct/gb2003/001757 (2003)
A. Paulenova, S.E. Creager, J.D. Navratil, Y. Wei, Redox potentials and kinetics of the ce3+/ce4+ redox reaction and solubility of cerium sulfates in sulfuric acid solutions. J. Power Sources 109(2), 431–438 (2002)
R.P. Kreh, R.M. Spotnitz, J.T. Lundquist, Mediated electrochemical synthesis of aromatic aldehydes, ketones, and quinones using ceric methanesulfonate. J. Org. Chem. 54(7), 1526–1531 (1989)
F.C. Walsh, Electrochemical technology for environmental treatment and clean energy conversion. Pure Appl. Chem 73(12), 1819–1837 (2001)
T. Yamamura, Y. Shiokawa, H. Yamana, H. Moriyama, Electrochemical investigation of uranium?-diketonates for all-uranium redox flow battery. Electrochim. Acta 48(1), 43–50 (2002)
Y. Shiokawa, T. Yamamura, K. Shirasaki, Energy efficiency of an uranium redox-flow battery evaluated by the butler-volmer equation. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 75, 137–142 (2006)
T. Yamamura, N. Watanabe, Y. Shiokawa, Energy efficiency of neptunium redox battery in comparison with vanadium battery. J. Alloys Compd. 408, 1260–1266 (2006)
T. Yamamura, N. Watanabe, T. Yano, Y. Shiokawa, Electron-transfer kinetics of np [sup 3+] np [sup 4+], npo [sub 2][sup+]? npo [sub 2][sup 2+], v [sup 2+] v [sup 3+], and vo [sup 2+]? vo [sub 2][sup+] at carbon electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc 152(4), A830 (2005)
K. Hasegawa, A. Kimura, T. Yamamura, Y. Shiokawa, Estimation of energy efficiency in neptunium redox flow batteries by the standard rate constants. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 66(2–4), 593–595 (2005)
C. Lotspeich, A comparative assessment of flow battery technologies. Proceedings of the electrical energy storage systems applications and technologies, in San Francisco, editor, International Conference 2002 (EESAT2002) (2002)
D. Pletcher, R. Wills, A novel flow battery: a lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead (ii) part ii. flow cell studies. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6(8), 1779–1785 (2004)
A. Hazza, D. Pletcher, R. Wills, A novel flow battery: a lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead(ii) part i: preliminary studies. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys 6, 1773–1778 (2004)
D. Pletcher, R. Wills, A novel flow battery-a lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead(ii): Iii. the influence of conditions on battery performance. J. Power Sources 149, 96–102 (2005)
A. Hazza, D. Pletcher, R. Wills, A novel flow battery-a lead acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead(ii): Iv. the influence of additives. J. Power Sources 149, 103–111 (2005)
D. Pletcher, H.T. Zhou, G. Kear, C.T.J. Low, F.C. Walsh, R.G.A. Wills, A novel flow battery - a lead-acid battery based on an electrolyte with soluble lead(ii) part vi. studies of the lead dioxide positive electrode. J. Power Sources 180(1), 630–634 (2008)
J. Cheng, L. Zhang, Y.S. Yang, Y.H. Wen, G.P. Cao, X.D. Wang, Preliminary study of single flow zinc-nickel battery. Electrochem. Commun. 9(11), 2639–2642 (2007)
L. Zhang, J. Cheng, Y.S. Yang, Y.H. Wen, X.D. Wang, G.P. Cao, Study of zinc electrodes for single flow zinc/ nickel battery application. J. Power Sources 179(1), 381–387 (2008)
P.C. Symons, Soc. electrochem, in International Conference on electrolytes for power sources, Brighton. Soc. Electrochem (1973)
P.C. Symons, Process for electrical energy using solid halogen hydrates, usp- 3713,888 (1970)
J. Jorn, J.T. Kim, D. Kralik, The zinc-chlorine battery: half-cell overpotential measurements. J. Appl. Electrochem. 9, 573–579 (1979)
H.S. Lim, A.M. Lackner, R.C. Knechtli, Zinc-bromine secondary battery. J. Electrochem. Soc. 124(8), 1154–1157 (1977)
H.T. Zhou, H.M. Zhang, P. Zhao, B.L. Yi, A comparative study of carbon felt and activated carbon based electrodes for sodium polysulfide/bromine redox flow battery. Electrochim. Acta 51(28), 6304–6312 (2006)
V-fuel pty ltd., house of representatives standing committee on industry and resources
L.W. Hruska, R.F. Savinell, Investigation of factors affecting performance of the iron-redox battery. J. Electrochem. Soc. 128(1), 18–25 (1981)
A. Frias-Ferrer, J. Gonzalez-Garcaa, V. Suez, C. Ponce de Leon, F.C. Walsh, The effects of manifold flow on mass transport in electrochemical filter-press reactors. AIChE J. 54(3), 811–823 (2008)
Y.M. Zhang, Q.M. Huang, W.S. Li, H.Y. Peng, S.J. Hu, Graphite-acetylene black composite electrodes for all vanadium redox flow battery. J. Inorg. Mater 22, 1051–1055 (2007)
M. Rychcik, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Evaluation of electrode materials for vanadium redox cell. J. Power Sources 19(1), 45–54 (1987)
B. Sun, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Modification of graphite electrode materials for vanadium redox flow battery application i. thermal treatment. Electrochimica acta 37(7), 1253–1260 (1992)
H. Kaneko, K. Nozaki, Y. Wada, T. Aoki, A. Negishi, M. Kamimoto, Vanadium redox reactions and carbon electrodes for vanadium redox flow battery. Electrochimica Acta 36(7), 1191–1196 (1991)
J. Cathro, K. Cedzynska, D.C. Constable, Preparation and performance of plastic-bonded-carbon bromine electrodes. J. Power Sources 19, 337 (1987)
H. Zhou, H. Zhang, P. Zhao, B. Yi, A comparative study of carbon felt and activated carbon based electrodes for sodium polysulfide/bromine redox flow battery. Electrochimica Acta 51(28), 6304–6312 (2006)
V. Haddadi-Asl, M. KAZACos, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Conductive carbon-polypropylene composite electrodes for vanadium redox battery. J. Appl. Electrochem. 25(1), 29–33 (1995)
W.H. Wang, X.D. Wang, Investigation of ir-modified carbon felt as the positive electrode of an all-vanadium redox flow battery (ir-modified carbon felt). Electrochim. Acta 52(24), 6755–6762 (2007)
L. Joerissen, J. Garche, C. Fabjan, G. Tomazic, Possible use of vanadium redox-flow batteries for energy storage in small grids and stand-alone photovoltaic systems. J. Power Sources 127, 98–104 (2004)
H. Kaneko, K. Nozaki, A. Negishi, Y. Wada, T. Aoki, M. Kamimoto, Vanadium redox reactions and carbon electrodes for vanadium redox flow battery. Electrochimica Acta 36(7), 1191–1196 (1991)
X. Li, K. Horita, Electrochemical characterization of carbon black subjected to rf oxygen plasma. Carbon 38(1), 133–138 (2000)
M. Santiago, F. Stuber, A. Fortuny, A. Fabregat, J. Font, Modified activated carbons for catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol. Carbon 43(10), 2134–2145 (2005)
K. Jurewicz, K. Babel, A. Ziolkowski, H. Wachowska, Ammoxidation of active carbons for improvement of supercapacitor characteristics. Electrochimica Acta 48(11), 1491–1498 (2003)
N.S. Jacobson, D.M. Curry, Oxidation microstructure studies of reinforced carbon/carbon. Carbon 44(7), 1142–1150 (2006)
X.G. Li, K.L. Huang, S.Q. Liu, L.Q. Chen, Electrochemical behavior of diverse vanadium ions at modified graphite felt electrode in sulphuric solution. J. Cent. South Univ. Technol. 14(1), 51–56 (2007)
M. Skyllas-Kazacos, F. Grossmith, Efficient vanadium redox flow cell. J. Electrochem. Soc 134(12), 2950–2953 (1987)
C.M. Hagg, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Novel bipolar electrodes for battery applications. J. Appl. Electrochem 32(10), 1063–1069 (2002)
K. Kinoshita, S.C. Leach, Mass transport of carbon-felt flow through electrode. Electrochem. Soc., J. 129, 1993–1997 (1982)
M. Rychcik, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Evaluation of electrode materials for vanadium redox cell. J. Power Sources 19(1), 45–54 (1987)
K.J. Kim, M.S. Park, Y.J. Kim, J.H. Kim, S.X. Dou, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, A technology review of electrodes and reaction mechanisms in vanadium redox flow batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 16913–16933 (2015)
Z. He, L. Liu, C. Gao, Z. Zhou, X. Liang, Y. Lei, Z. He, S. Liu, Carbon nanofibers grown on the surface of graphite felt by chemical vapour deposition for vanadium redox flow batteries. RSC Adv. 3(43), 19774–19777 (2013)
R. Wang, Y.S. Li, Y.L. He, Achieving gradient-pore-oriented graphite felt for vanadium redox flow batteries: meeting improved electrochemical activity and enhanced mass transport from nano- to micro-scale. J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 10962–10970 (2019)
B. Sun, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Chemical modification and electrochemical behaviour of graphite fibre in acidic vanadium solution. Electrochim. Acta 36, 513–517 (1991)
C. Fabjan, J. Garche, B. Harrer, L. Jorissen, C. Kolbeck, F. Philippi, G. Tomazic, F. Wagner, The vanadium redox-battery: an efficient storage unit for photovoltaic systems. Electrochim. Acta 47(5), 825–831 (2001)
J.M. Friedrich, C. Ponce de Leon, G.W. Reade, F.C. Walsh, Reticulated vitreous carbon as an electrode material. J. Electroanal. Chem. 561, 203–217 (2004)
M. Mastragostino, S. Valcher, Polymeric salt as bromine complexing agent in a zn-br 2 model battery. Electrochim. Acta 28, 501–505 (1983)
Y. Liu, X. **a, H. Liu, Studies on cerium (ce4+/ce3+) -vanadium (v2+/v3+) redox flow cell-cyclic voltammogram response of ce4+/ce3+ redox couple in h2so4 solution. J. Power Sources 130(1–2), 299–305 (2004)
X.G. Li, K.L. Huang, S.Q. Liu, L.Q. Chen, Electrochemical behavior of diverse vanadium ions at modified graphite felt electrode in sulphuric solution. J. Cent. South Univ. Technol. (English Edition) 14(1), 51–56 (2007)
B. Tian, F.H. Wang, C.W. Yan, Proton conducting composite membrane from daramic/nafion for vanadium redox flow battery. J. Membr. Sci. 234(1-2), 51–54 (2004)
M. Skyllas-Kazacos, wo/1989/005526, 47." PCT Int. Appl., 1989 (1989)
S.H. Ge, B.L. Yi, H.M. Zhang, Study of a high power density sodium polysulfide/bromine energy storage cell. J. Appl. Electrochem. 34(2), 181–185 (2004)
C.M. Hagg, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Novel bipolar electrodes for battery applications. J. Appl. Electrochem. 32(10), 1063–1069 (2002)
K. Fushimi, H. Tsunakaw, K. Yonahara, Electrically conductive plastic complex material us pat, 4551267 (1985)
G. Tomazic, Process for the manufacture of bipolar electrodes and separators us pat, 4615108 (1986)
C. Herscovici, Porous and porous-nonporous composites for battery electrodes. US Pat, 4920017 (1990)
C. Herscovici, A. Leo, A. Charkey, Stable carbon-plastic electrodes and method of preparation thereof us pat. 4758473 (1988)
G. Iemmi, D. Macerata, Graphite-resin composite electrode structure, and a process for its manufacture, us pat. 4294893 (1981)
G.J. Hwang, H. Ohya, Crosslinking of anion exchange membrane by accelerated electron radiation as a separator for the all-vanadium redox flow battery. J. Membr. Sci. 132(1), 55–61 (1997)
D.G. Oei, Permeation of vanadium cations through anionic and cationic membranes. J. Appl. Electrochem. 15, 231–235 (1985)
S.C. Chieng, M. Kazacos, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Preparation and evaluation of composite membrane for vanadium redox battery applications. J. Power Sources 39, 11–19 (1992)
H. Vafiadis, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Evaluation of membranes for the novel vanadium bromine redox flow cell. J. Membr. Sci. 279(1–2), 394–402 (2006)
F.C. Walsh, A First Course in Electrochemical Engineering (Electrochemical Consultancy, UK, 1993)
S.C. Chieng, Ph.D. thesis, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (1993)
J.Y. Qiu, M.Y. Li, J.F. Ni, M.L. Zhai, J. Peng, L. Xu, H.H. Zhou, J.Q. Li, G.S. Wei, Preparation of etfe-based anion exchange membrane to reduce permeability of vanadium ions in vanadium redox battery. J. Membr. Sci. 297, 174–180 (2007)
H. Tasai, T. Horigome, N. Nozaki, H. Kaneko, A. Negishi, Y. Wada, Characteristics of vanadium redox flow cell, in The 31th Denchi Touron Kouengai Yousisyu (Japan, 1990), pp. 301–302
M. Skyllas-Kazacos, D. Kasherman, D.R. Hong, M. Kazacos, Characteristics and performance of 1 kw unsw vanadium redox battery. J. Power Sources 35, 399–404 (1991)
T. Mohammadi, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Evaluation of the chemical stability of some membranes in vanadium solution. J. Appl. Electrochem. 27(2), 153–160 (1997)
X.L. Luo, Z.Z. Lu, J.Y. **, Z.H. Wu, W.T. Zhu, L.Q. Chen, X.P. Qiu, Influences of permeation of vanadium ions through pvdf-g-pssa membranes on performances of vanadium redox flow batteries. J. Phys. Chem. B 109(43), 20310–20314 (2005)
T. Mohammadi, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Preparation of sulfonated composite membrane for vanadium redox flow battery applications. J. Membr. Sci. 107(1–2), 35–45 (1995)
G.J. Hwang, H. Ohya, Preparation of cation exchange membrane as a separator for the all-vanadium redox flow battery. J. Membr. Sci. 120(1), 55–67 (1996)
J.Y. Qiu, L. Zhao, M.L. Zhai, J.F. Ni, H.H. Zhou, J. Peng, J.Q. Li, G.S. Wei, Pre-irradiation grafting of styrene and maleic anhydride onto pvdf membrane and subsequent sulfonation for application in vanadium redox batteries. J. Power Sources 177(2), 617–623 (2008)
G.J. Hwang, H. Ohya, Preparation of anion-exchange membrane based on block copolymers. Part 1. amination of the chloromethylated copolymers. J. Membr. Sci. 140, 195–203 (1998)
Q.T. Luo, H.M. Zhang, J. Chen, D.J. You, C.X. Sun, Y. Zhang, Preparation and characterization of nafion/speek layered composite membrane and its application in vanadium redox flow battery. J. Memb. Sci. 325, 553–558 (2008)
T. Mohammadi, M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Use of polyelectrolyte for incorporation of ion-exchange groups in composite membranes for vanadium redox flow battery applications. J. Power Sources 56(1), 91–96 (1995)
A. Fraas-Ferrer, J. Gonzalez-Garcia, V.S.E. Exposito, C.M. Sanchez-Sanchez, V. Montiel, A. Aldaz, F.C. Walsh, The entrance and exit effects in exit effects in small electrochemical filter-press reactors used in the laboratory. J. Chem. Edu. 82, 1395–1398 (2005)
A. Leo, Status of zinc-bromine battery development, in Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, editor, Proceedings of the 24th Intersociety , Energy Research Corporation, IECEC-89, 3 (1989), pp. 1303–1309
A. Ponce de Leon, G.W. Reade, I. Whyte, S.E. Male, F.C. Walsh, Characterization of the reaction environment in a filter-press redox flow reactor. Electrochim. Acta 52(19), 5815–5823 (2007)
I. Tsuda, K. Kurokawa, K. Nozaki, Development of intermittent redox flow battery for pv system, in Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Conference Record of the Twenty Fourth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference - 1994, 1994 IEEE First World Conference 1, 1994 (1994), pp. 946–949
R.A. Scannell, F.C. Walsh, Comparative mass transfer and electrode area in electrochemical reactors. Inst. Chem. Engr. Symp. Ser. 112, 59–71 (1989)
L.Y. Li, S.W. Kim, W. Wang, M. Vijaayakumar, Z.M. Nie, B.W. Chen, J.L. Zhang, G.G. **a, J.Z. Hu, G. Graff, J. Liu, Z.G. Yang, A stable vanadium redox-flow battery with high energy density for large-scale energy storage. Adv. Energy Mater. 1(3), 394–400 (2011)
M.D. Gernon, M. Wu, T. Buszta, P. Janney, Environmental benefits of methanesulfonic acid. Green Chem. 1, 127–140 (1999)
K.V. Kordesch, C. Fabjan, J. Daniel-Ivad, J. Oliveira, Rechargeable zinc-carbon hybrid cells. J. Power Sources 65, 77–80 (1997)
D.S. Aaron, Q. Liu, Z. Tang, G.M. Grim, A.B. Papandrew, A. Turhan, T.A. Zawodzinski, M.M. Mench, Dramatic performance gains in vanadium redox flow batteries through modified cell architecture. J. Power Sources 206, 450–453 (2012)
P.R. Roberge, Handbook of Corrosion Engineering, Chap. 10 (McGraw-Hill,, 2000)
A. Price, S. Bartley, S. Male, G. Cooley, A novel approach to utility scale energy storage. Power Eng. J. 13(3), 122–129 (1999)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
A. Shah, A., Leung, P., Xu, Q., Sui, PC., **ng, W. (2023). Electrochemical Theory and Overview of Redox Flow Batteries. In: New Paradigms in Flow Battery Modelling. Engineering Applications of Computational Methods, vol 16. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2524-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2524-7_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-2523-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-2524-7
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)