Abstract
A growing interest in cultural landscape theory and practice reflects a wider twenty-first century shift towards ecological perspectives in planning and design. An immediate consequence is the challenge to the Eurocentric tendency to separate nature and culture. But at a deeper level, there is a need to challenge the separation between the obsession of the conservation field with the past, and of the contemporary planning and design field with the future. Cultural landscapes are best understood in the present, interpreted by the often diverse cultural groups that sustain them. Their conservation involves connecting past, present and future in ways that allow their ecological richness to survive and prosper.
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Notes
- 1.
Johnston, What is Social Value; ICOMOS, Nara.
- 2.
Mason and Avrami, “Heritage Values,” 13–26.
- 3.
Araoz, “Protecting Heritage Places;” Araoz, “Preserving Heritage Places,” 55–60; Petzet, International Principles, 1–46; ICOMOS Austria et al., “Fundamental values. ”
- 4.
Kerr, “British Columbia’s Cultural Landscapes,” 73–87.
- 5.
Lowenthal, The Past.
- 6.
Fitch, Historic Preservation.
- 7.
Le Corbusier, “The New Spirit,” 132.
- 8.
ICOMOS, Historic Gardens, art. 1.
- 9.
Riegl, Der moderne Denmalkultus, 69–83; Brandi, Teoria, 1–164.
- 10.
Koolhaas, Preservation.
- 11.
See for example Henderson, Museum Architecture. Notable examples include the Pompidou Centre (1977), the Kunsthal in Rotterdam (1992), the Bilbao Museum (1997), and the Jewish Museum in Berlin (2001) in the careers of Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers, Frank Gehry, Rem Koolhaas and Daniel Libeskind, respectively.
- 12.
Johnston, What is Social Value.
- 13.
ICOMOS, Nara.
- 14.
UNESCO, “Operational Guidelines 2019,” annex 3, par. 6–10.
- 15.
Australia ICOMOS, Report, 10.
- 16.
Hayden, The Power of Place.
- 17.
See for example Smith, “Madurai, India.”
- 18.
Davison, “31 million people.”
- 19.
See for example Shute, “Prince Charles.”
- 20.
UNESCO, “Pimachiowin Aki.”
- 21.
Le Corbusier, “The New Spirit,” 132.
- 22.
Cameron and Inaba, “The Making of the Nara Document,” 30–7.
- 23.
Prosper, “Wherein Lies the Heritage Value,” 117–24.
- 24.
UNESCO, “Pimachiowin Aki.”
- 25.
Parks Canada, “Canadian Register;” Parks Canada, Standards and Guidelines.
- 26.
Québec, “Cultural Heritage Act,” III, div. III.
- 27.
ICOMOS Canada, Charter for the Preservation of Quebec’s Heritage.
- 28.
Ontario, Provincial Policy Statement, 2020, 42.
- 29.
The ongoing dispute about Glen Abbey golf course in Oakville is a case in point. See Perkel, “Glen Abbey owners.”
- 30.
Parks Canada, Standards and Guidelines, 55–8.
- 31.
Valois, Évolution historique, 7.
- 32.
Smith et al., Byward Market.
- 33.
Smith et al., Kensington Market.
- 34.
Dudley, Guidelines, 20.
- 35.
See for example Rudolff, Intangible and Tangible Heritage.
- 36.
ICOMOS Canada, “Mallory Wilson.”
- 37.
UNESCO, Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape, art. 8.
- 38.
Carson, Silent Spring; Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities.
- 39.
Evidence of anti-feminist attitudes is found in publications about Carson and Jacobs. With regard to Rachel Carson: “In 1962 the multi-million dollar industrial chemical industry was not about to allow a former government editor, a female scientist without a Ph.D. or an institutional affiliation, to undermine public confidence in its products or to question its integrity.” See Lear, “Introduction,” xvii. With regard to Jane Jacobs: “Jacobs’ early attention-getting articles in Architectural Forum and Fortune Magazine happened because she had as a champion a distinguished male editor William Holly Whyte. Whyte gained fame for writing The Organization Man and for espousing ideas similar to hers. But he had to overcome a sputtering, angry Fortune publisher who once asked, “Who is this crazy dame?” A housewife without even a college degree was unacceptable. After all, Lewis Mumford’s scathing review of Death and Life was headlined ‘Mother Jacobs Home Remedies’.” See Gratz, “Jane Jacobs.”
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Smith, J. (2023). Conserving Cultural Landscapes. In: Cameron, C. (eds) Evolving Heritage Conservation Practice in the 21st Century. Creativity, Heritage and the City, vol 5. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2123-2_6
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