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Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq)

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Soil Health Management for Plantation Crops

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Abstract

Oil palm with its low land foot print for oil production is the most important global crop of present times. The two oils produced from palm tree are used in a variety of ways, viz. cooking, cosmetics, lubrication, sanitizing, and cleansing. Furthermore, the by-products of palm oil industry have numerous utilities such as feed, fuel, water purifier, etc. Besides all these apparent advantages, this crop also faces huge criticism in terms of GHG emissions, loss of biodiversity, and deforestation. To produce oil palm sustainably, Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), a voluntary global-level organization, set up the standards for certified palm oil production. These practices include right approach of planting, nutrient and water management, waste recycling, integrated pest management, etc. At present, globally, oil palm cultivation is concentrated in three continents, viz. humid tropical Asia, Africa, and Latin America in 46 countries. Though soil health is not much affected due to oil palm cultivation, improvement in soil condition can be achieved through sustainable management. In this chapter, we discuss suitable soil conditions for oil palm cultivation, how soil health is assessed through suitable indicators, constraints of soil fertility, nutrient management, use of soil amendments, the impact of climate change, soil biodiversity, and technological opportunities available for maintaining soil health and sustaining oil palm production.

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Abbreviations

%:

Percent

<:

Less than

>:

More than

AMF:

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

ARDRA:

Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis

AUDPC:

Area under disease progression curve

BCA:

Bio-control agent(s)

BMPs:

Best management practices

BSR:

Basal stem rot

BVOC:

Biogenic volatile compound

C:

Carbon

C/N:

Carbon/Nitrogen

CARDI:

Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute

CEC:

Cation exchange capacity

CFU g−1:

Colony-forming unit

cm:

Centimetre(s)

CMP:

Compost

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

CP:

Conservation practice(s)

CPO:

Crude palm oil

DAP:

Di-ammonium-phosphate

DGGE:

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

DNA-SIP:

DNA-stable isotope probing

DRIS:

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System

dS m−1:

deciSiemens per metre

EB:

Endophytic bacteria

EC:

Electrical conductivity

ECO:

Eco-mat(s)

EFB:

Empty fruit bunches

EFBN:

Nitrogen content of EFB

FFB:

Fresh fruit bunches

FYM:

Farm yard manure

g:

Gram(s)

GHG:

Greenhouse gases

GJ:

Giga joules

ha:

Hectare(s)

ICAR:

Indian Council of Agricultural Research

IFS:

Integrated farming system

IIOPR:

Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research

ind. m−3:

Individuals per cubic metre

IOPA:

Indonesian oil palm association

IOT:

Internet of things

IPM:

Integrated pest management

IsoMO:

Isoprene monooxygenase

kg:

Kilogram(s)

LCA:

Life cycle analysis

LIG :

Lignin

LIG/N :

Lignin to N ratio

m:

Metre(s)

Mha:

Million hectares

MHB:

Mycorrhiza helper bacteria

Min N:

Mineral N

mm:

Millimetre(s)

MPOB:

Malaysia palm oil board

MRT:

Mean resident time

Mt:

Million metric tonnes

NDFA:

Nitrogen-derived from atmosphere

OC:

Organic carbon

OPF:

Oil palm frond(s)

PCoA:

Principal co-ordinates analysis

PGP:

Plant growth promoters

PGPR:

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

PKO:

Palm kernel oil

POME:

Palm oil mill effluent

PP:

Polyphenol

PSB:

Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria

rRNA:

Ribosomal RNA

RSPO:

Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil

SHMP:

Smallholder management practices

SIL:

Silt pit(s)

SISKA:

Sistem Integrasi Sapi-Kelapa Sawit or System Integration Cattle–Oil Palm Plantations

SOC:

Soil organic carbon

SOM:

Soil organic matter

t:

Tonne(s)/ton(s)

T-RFLP:

Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

USDA:

United States Department of Agriculture

WRF:

White root fungus

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agronomy, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, Andhra Pradesh, India

    K. Manorama

  2. Soil Science, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

    S. K. Behera

  3. Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, Andhra Pradesh, India

    K. Suresh

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  1. K. Manorama
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  2. S. K. Behera
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  3. K. Suresh
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Correspondence to K. Manorama .

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  1. Former Director, ICAR- Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala, India

    George V Thomas

  2. Former Principal Scientist and Head, ICAR- Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kayamkulam, Kerala, India

    V. Krishnakumar

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Manorama, K., Behera, S.K., Suresh, K. (2024). Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). In: Thomas, G.V., Krishnakumar, V. (eds) Soil Health Management for Plantation Crops. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0092-9_3

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