SpringerLink
Log in

Benign Cervical Lesions

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology

  • 69 Accesses

Abstract

Benign cervical lesions encompass a broad spectrum of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic processes. This chapter addresses pathologic considerations in the cervix, whether seen on biopsy, curettage, or incidentally encountered during a hysterectomy for another process altogether. Many of these entities are uncommon to exceedingly rare in the cervix and may be encountered in other Müllerian locations more frequently. The chapter includes recent changes and updates in the literature as well as historical perspectives and approaches. Discussed in detail are a multitude of metaplastic processes, ectopic tissues, glandular and nonglandular lesions, reactive and reparative processes, pigmented lesions, pregnancy associated changes, and other miscellaneous entities that may be encountered in the cervix. Careful consideration of clinical history, symptoms, gross findings, and other patient information is essential when evaluating these cervical lesions and considering appropriate differential diagnoses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdelaziz M, Eziba N, Sharma S, Kleven D, Al-Hendy A (2017) Cervical superficial myofibroblastoma: case report and review of the literature. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 5:2050313X17726936

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Abdul-Karim FW, Cohen RE (1990) Atypical stromal cells of lower female genital tract. Histopathology 17(3):249–253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abi-Raad R, Alomari A, Hui P, Buza N (2014) Mitotically active microglandular hyperplasia of the cervix: a case series with implications for the differential diagnosis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 33(5):524–530

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abu J, Nunns D, Ireland D, Brown L (2003) Malignant progression through borderline changes in recurrent Mullerian papilloma of the vagina. Histopathology 42(5):510–511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altay AY, Yavuz E, Bayram A, Yasa C, Akhan SE, Topuz S, Onder S (2021) Loss of stromal CD73 expression plays a role in pathogenesis of polypoid endometriosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 303(6):1523–1530

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson WJ, Kolin DL, Neville G, Diamond DA, Crum CP, Hirsch MS, Vargas SO (2020) Prostatic metaplasia of the vagina and uterine cervix: an androgen-associated glandular lesion of surface squamous epithelium. Am J Surg Pathol 44(8):1040–1049

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angra S, McCluggage WG (2016) Endocervical polyp with florid “epidermal metaplasia”: report of a previously undescribed phenomenon. Int J Gynecol Pathol 35(5):478–481

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arias-Stella J (2002) The Arias-Stella reaction: facts and fancies four decades after. Adv Anat Pathol 9(1):12–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arif A, Mamoon N, Mushtaq S (2007) Non-teratomatous glial heterotopia of uterine cervix; an unusual cause of postcoital bleeding. Case Rep Clin Pract Rev 8:147–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Atherton DJ, Pitcher DW, Wells RS, MacDonald DM (1980) A syndrome of various cutaneous pigmented lesions, myxoid neurofibromata and atrial myxoma: the NAME syndrome. Br J Dermatol 103(4):421–429

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baggish MS, Woodruff JD (1971) Adenoid basal lesions of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 37(6):807–819

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baithun M, Freeman-Wang T, Chowdary P, Kadir RA (2018) Ligneous cervicitis and endometritis: a gynaecological presentation of congenital plasminogen deficiency. Haemophilia 24(3):359–365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banik T, Mondal K, Mandal R (2016) Adenomatoid tumor of cervix: the first case report. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 37(1):66

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barua R (1989) Post-cone biopsy traumatic neuroma of the uterine cervix. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113(8):945–947

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berzolla CE, Schnatz PF, O’Sullivan DM, Bansal R, Mandavilli S, Sorosky JI (2007) Dysplasia and malignancy in endocervical polyps. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 16(9):1317–1321

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brady A, McCluggage WG (2013) Ectodermal structures within the uterine cervix and vagina: report of a series of cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 32(6):602–605

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brainard JA, Hart WR (1998) Adenoid basal epitheliomas of the uterine cervix: a reevaluation of distinctive cervical basaloid lesions currently classified as adenoid basal carcinoma and adenoid basal hyperplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 22(8):965–975

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Busca A, Parra-Herran C (2016) Hemangiomas of the uterine cervix: association with abnormal bleeding and pain in young women and hormone receptor expression. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Pathol Res Pract 212(6):532–538

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron RI, Maxwell P, Jenkins D, McCluggage WG (2002) Immunohistochemical staining with MIB1, bcl2 and p16 assists in the distinction of cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia from tubo-endometrial metaplasia, endometriosis and microglandular hyperplasia. Histopathology 41(4):313–321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carleton C, Hoang L, Sah S, Kiyokawa T, Karamurzin YS, Talia KL, Park KJ, McCluggage WG (2016) A detailed immunohistochemical analysis of a large series of cervical and vaginal gastric-type adenocarcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 40(5):636–644

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Casey S, McCluggage WG (2015) Adenomyomas of the uterine cervix: report of a cohort including endocervical and novel variants [corrected]. Histopathology 66(3):420–429

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casey PM, Long ME, Marnach ML (2011) Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry? Mayo Clin Proc 86(2):147–150; quiz 151

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chang D, Tiburzio GB (2013) Melanosis of the uterine cervix: a case report and literature review. Bras Patol Med Lab 49(1):222–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapel DB, Howitt BE, Sholl LM, Dal Cin P, Nucci MR (2022) Atypical uterine polyps show morphologic and molecular overlap with mullerian adenosarcoma but follow a benign clinical course. Mod Pathol 35(1):106–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Char G, Hanchard B, Manjoo RB (1982) Neurofibromatosis of the cervix uteri. West Indian Med J 31(2):90–92

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chin N, Platt AB, Nuovo GJ (2008) Squamous intraepithelial lesions arising in benign endocervical polyps: a report of 9 cases with correlation to the pap smears, HPV analysis, and immunoprofile. Int J Gynecol Pathol 27(4):582–590

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clement PB (2007) The pathology of endometriosis: a survey of the many faces of a common disease emphasizing diagnostic pitfalls and unusual and newly appreciated aspects. Adv Anat Pathol 14(4):241–260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clement PB, Young RH (1989) Deep nabothian cysts of the uterine cervix. A possible source of confusion with minimal-deviation adenocarcinoma (adenoma malignum). Int J Gynecol Pathol 8(4):340–348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clement PB, Young RH (1992) Endocervicosis of the urinary bladder. A report of six cases of a benign müllerian lesion that may mimic adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 16(6):533–542

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clement PB, Young RH, Scully RE (1990) Stromal endometriosis of the uterine cervix. A variant of endometriosis that may simulate a sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 14(5):449–455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins S, Lewicky-Gaupp C (2022) Pelvic organ prolapse. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 51(1):177–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dainty LA, Krivak TC, Webb JC, Zahn CM, Elkas JC, Chernofsky MR, Rose GS, Maxwell GL (2009) Diffuse laminar endocervical glandular hyperplasia: a case report. Int J Gynecol Cancer 19(6):1091–1093

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darai E, Vlastos G, Madelenat P (1995) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi’s sarcoma: two cervical cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173(3 Pt 1):979

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darragh TM, Colgan TJ, Cox JT, Heller DS, Henry MR, Luff RD, McCalmont T, Nayar R, Palefsky JM, Stoler MH, Wilkinson EJ, Zaino RJ, Wilbur DC, Members of LAST Project Work Groups (2012) The lower anogenital squamous terminology standardization project for HPV-associated lesions: background and consensus recommendations from the College of American Pathologists and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 136(10):1266–1297

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deguchi Y, Iwahashi N, Horiuchi Y, Ikejima M, Tanaka T, Ino K, Furukawa K (2017) Non-neural granular cell tumor of the uterine corpus mimicking uterine leiomyoma: a case report. Mol Clin Oncol 7(3):351–354

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Deshpande NS, Mittal A, Munemane AB, Karle RR (2021) Melanosis of the uterine cervix: a rare case report. J Clin Diagn Res 15(8):ED03–ED04

    Google Scholar 

  • Devins KM, Young RH, Croce S, Burandt E, Bennett JA, Pesci A, Zannoni GF, Ip PPC, Nielsen GP, Oliva E (2022) Solitary fibrous tumors of the female genital tract: a study of 27 cases emphasizing nonvulvar locations, variant histology, and prognostic factors. Am J Surg Pathol 46(3):363–375

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Sant’Agnese PA, Knowles DM 2nd (1980) Extracardiac rhabdomyoma: a clinicopathologic study and review of the literature. Cancer 46(4):780–789

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Do SI, Kim GY, Ki KD, Huh CY, Kim YW, Lee J, Park YK, Lim SJ (2011) Ganglioneuroma of the uterine cervix – a case report. Hum Pathol 42(10):1573–1575

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ducatman BS, Wang HH, Jonasson JG, Hogan CL, Antonioli DA (1993) Tubal metaplasia: a cytologic study with comparison to other neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions of the endocervix. Diagn Cytopathol 9(1):98–103; discussion 103–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dudič R, Dudičová V, Urdzík P (2019) The rare cause of childhood bleeding – recurrent Müllerian papilloma. J Obstet Gynaecol 39(3):432–433

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esim Buyukbayrak E, Karageyim Karsidag AY, Kars B, Sakin O, Ozyapi Alper AG, Pirimoglu M, Unal O, Turan C (2011) Cervical polyps: evaluation of routine removal and need for accompanying D&C. Arch Gynecol Obstet 283(3):581–584

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eskue K, Prieto VG, Malpica A (2010) Cellular blue nevus of the uterus: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Pathol 29(6):583–586

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fadare O, Ghofrani M, Stamatakos MD, Tavassoli FA (2006) Mesenchymal lesions of the uterine cervix. Pathol Case Rev 11(3):140–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fanburg-Smith JC, Meis-Kindblom JM, Fante R, Kindblom LG (1998) Malignant granular cell tumor of soft tissue: diagnostic criteria and clinicopathologic correlation. Am J Surg Pathol 22(7):779–794

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farlie R, Jylling AM, Vetner M (1998) Diffuse laminar endocervical glandular hyperplasia. Two cases presenting with excessive mucinous cervical discharge. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 77(1):131–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Félix A, Nogales FF, Arias-Stella J (2010) Polypoid endometriosis of the uterine cervix with Arias-Stella reaction in a patient taking phytoestrogens. Int J Gynecol Pathol 29(2):185–188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng X, Tonnesen MG, Mousa SA, Clark RA (2013) Fibrin and collagen differentially but synergistically regulate sprout angiogenesis of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in 3-dimensional matrix. Int J Cell Biol 2013:231279

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ferry JA, Scully RE (1990) Mesonephric remnants, hyperplasia, and neoplasia in the uterine cervix. A study of 49 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 14(12):1100–1111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallardo A, Prat J (2009) Mullerian adenosarcoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 55 cases challenging the existence of adenofibroma. Am J Surg Pathol 33(2):278–288

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gersell DJ, Fulling KH (1989) Localized neurofibromatosis of the female genitourinary tract. Am J Surg Pathol 13(10):873–878

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons D, Lindberg GM, Ashfaq R, Saboorian MH (1998) Localized amyloidosis of the uterine cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 17(4):368–371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giordano G, Manuguerra R, Varotti E, Brigati F (2016) A case of placental site nodule associated with cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 37(2):259–261

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldblum JR, Folpe AL, Weiss SW (2019) Enzinger and Weiss’s soft tissue tumors: expert consult: online and print, 7th edn. Elsevier – Health Sciences Division, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Gondo T, Ishihara T, Kawano H, Uchino F, Takahashi M, Iwata T, Matsumoto N, Yokota T (1993) Localized amyloidosis in squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix: electron microscopic features of nodular and star-like amyloid deposits. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 422(3):225–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon MD, Weilert M, Ireland K (1996) Plexiform neurofibromatosis involving the uterine cervix, endometrium, myometrium, and ovary. Obstet Gynecol 88(4 Pt 2):699–701

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goyal A, Wang Z, Przybycin CG, Yang B (2016) Application of p16 immunohistochemistry and RNA in situ hybridization in the classification of adenoid basal tumors of the cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 35(1):82–91

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greeley C, Schroeder S, Silverberg SG (1995) Microglandular hyperplasia of the cervix: a true “pill” lesion? Int J Gynecol Pathol 14(1):50–54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo N, Peng Z, Yang K, Lou J (2012) Uterine cervical malignant granular cell tumor. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 38(6):944–947

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gwavava NJ, Traub AI (1980) A neurilemmoma of the cervix. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 87(5):444–446

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harik LR, Merino C, Coindre JM, Amin MB, Pedeutour F, Weiss SW (2006) Pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferations of the bladder: a clinicopathologic study of 42 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 30(7):787–794

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hariri J, Ingemanssen JL (1993) Multinucleated stromal giant cells of the uterine cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 12(3):228–234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hashiguchi M, Kai K, Nishiyama S, Nakao Y, Yokoyama M, Aishima S (2018) Clear cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix presented as a submucosal tumor arising in a background of cervical endometriosis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 37(1):88–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haylen BT, Maher CF, Barber MD, Camargo S, Dandolu V, Digesu A, Goldman HB, Huser M, Milani AL, Moran PA, Schaer GN, Withagen MI (2016) An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Int Urogynecol J 27(2):165–194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heatley MK (2006) Atypical polypoid adenomyoma: a systematic review of the English literature. Histopathology 48(5):609–610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hejmadi RK, Ganesan R, Todd RW, Rollason TP (2003) Mitotically active cervical leiomyoma in a non-HIV immunosuppressed case. BJOG 110(12):1135–1136

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirasawa A, Akahane T, Tsuruta T, Kobayashi Y, Masuda K, Banno K, Fujii T, Susumu N, Itsubo T, Kameyama K, Sugano K, Aoki D (2012) Lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia and peritoneal pigmentation associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome due to a germline mutation of STK11. Ann Oncol 23(11):2990–2992

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hong SC, Lim YK, Chew SH, Chia YN, Yam KL (2012) Case report of granular cell tumor of the vulva and review of current literature. Gynecol Oncol Case Rep 3:20–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hoogduin KJ, Hopman AN, Ramaekers FC, McCluggage WG, Smedts F (2013) BCL2 and keratin 5 define the uterine-cervix-isthmus junction, a transition between endocervical and tubal-like epithelium. Int J Gynecol Pathol 32(1):122–130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houghton O, McCluggage WG (2009) The expression and diagnostic utility of p63 in the female genital tract. Adv Anat Pathol 16(5):316–321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howitt BE, Nucci MR (2018) Mesonephric proliferations of the female genital tract. Pathology 50(2):141–150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howitt BE, Emori MM, Drapkin R, Gaspar C, Barletta JA, Nucci MR, McCluggage WG, Oliva E, Hirsch MS (2015a) GATA3 is a sensitive and specific marker of benign and malignant mesonephric lesions in the lower female genital tract. Am J Surg Pathol 39(10):1411–1419

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howitt BE, Quade BJ, Nucci MR (2015b) Uterine polyps with features overlap** with those of Müllerian adenosarcoma: a clinicopathologic analysis of 29 cases emphasizing their likely benign nature. Am J Surg Pathol 39(1):116–126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang YL, Chen RZ, Le F (2022) Analysis on pregnancy outcomes and risk factors of cervical polypectomy during the first and second trimester pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 48(10):2486–2492

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ida K, Miyamoto T, Takatsu A, Ando H, Asaka R, Takeuchi H, Ono M, Yamada S, Asaka S, Shiozawa T (2019) Whole-exome sequencing of lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia. Oncol Lett 18(3):2592–2597

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Iglesia CB, Smithling KR (2017) Pelvic organ prolapse. Am Fam Physician 96(3):179–185

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail SM (1991) Cone biopsy causes cervical endometriosis and tubo-endometrioid metaplasia. Histopathology 18(2):107–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James T (1951) A benign polypoid tumour of the cervix uteri in a girl three years old. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 58(5):762–763

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jebakumar D, Asirvatham JR (2022) Endocervicosis in an intramammary lymph node. Int J Surg Pathol 30(7):784–788

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonasson JG, Wang HH, Antonioli DA, Ducatman BS (1992) Tubal metaplasia of the uterine cervix: a prevalence study in patients with gynecologic pathologic findings. Int J Gynecol Pathol 11(2):89–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones MA, Young RH (1996) Endocervical type A (noncystic) tunnel clusters with cytologic atypia. A report of 14 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 20(11):1312–1318

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones MA, Young RH, Scully RE (1991) Diffuse laminar endocervical glandular hyperplasia. A benign lesion often confused with adenoma malignum (minimal deviation adenocarcinoma). Am J Surg Pathol 15(12):1123–1129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kase H, Kodama S, Yahata T, Aoki Y, Tanaka K (1996) Case report: an exaggerated placental site with a cervical pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 22(4):379–383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katz IA, De Silva KS, Eckstein RP, Philips J (1997) Stromal endometriosis of the cervix simulating Kaposi’s sarcoma. Pathology 29(4):426–427

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawauchi S, Kusuda T, Liu XP, Suehiro Y, Kaku T, Mikami Y, Takeshita M, Nakao M, Chochi Y, Sasaki K (2008) Is lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia a cancerous precursor of minimal deviation adenocarcinoma?: a comparative molecular-genetic and immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol 32(12):1807–1815

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kay S, Schneider V (1985) Reactive spindle cell nodule of the endocervix simulating uterine sarcoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 4(3):255–257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazakov DV, Mukensnabl P, Kacerovska D, Michal M (2009) Mantle structures in the uterine cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 28(6):568–569

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly P, McBride HA, Kennedy K, Connolly LE, McCluggage WG (2011) Misplaced Skene’s glands: glandular elements in the lower female genital tract that are variably immunoreactive with prostate markers and that encompass vaginal tubulosquamous polyp and cervical ectopic prostatic tissue. Int J Gynecol Pathol 30(6):605–612

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerdraon O, Cornélius A, Farine MO, Boulanger L, Wacrenier A (2012) Adenoid basal hyperplasia of the uterine cervix: a lesion of reserve cell type, distinct from adenoid basal carcinoma. Hum Pathol 43(12):2255–2265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim KR (2001) Utility of trichrome and reticulin stains in the diagnosis of superficial endometriosis of the uterine cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 20(2):173–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kondi-Pafiti A, Grapsa D, Kontogianni-Katsarou K, Papadias K, Kairi-Vassilatou E (2005) Ectopic decidua mimicking metastatic lesions – report of three cases and review of the literature. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 26(4):459–461

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo T, Hashi A, Murata SI, Fischer SE, Nara M, Nakazawa T, Yuminamochi T, Hoshi K, Katoh R (2007) Gastric mucin is expressed in a subset of endocervical tunnel clusters: type A tunnel clusters of gastric phenotype. Histopathology 50(7):843–850

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kyriakos M, Kempson RL, Konikov NF (1968) A clinical and pathologic study of endocervical lesions associated with oral contraceptives. Cancer 22(1):99–110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lastra RR, Bavuso N, Randall TC, Brooks JS, Barroeta JE (2012) Neurofibroma of the cervix presenting as cervical stenosis in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1: a case report. Int J Gynecol Pathol 31(2):192–194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SH, Park JW, Oh SR, Rha SH (2017) Diagnostic dilemma in cervical endocervicosis. Obstet Gynecol Sci 60(4):396–400

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • LeMaire WJ, Kreiss C, Commodore A, Barker EA (2002) Neurilemmoma: an unusual benign tumor of the cervix. Alaska Med 44(3):63–65

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesack D, Wahab I, Gilks CB (1996) Radiation-induced atypia of endocervical epithelium: a histological, immunohistochemical and cytometric study. Int J Gynecol Pathol 15(3):242–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy RA, Kumarapeli AR, Spencer HJ, Quick CM (2016) Cervical polyps: is histologic evaluation necessary? Pathol Res Pract 212(9):800–803

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Q, Sun X (2012) Giant fibroepithelial polyp of the uterine cervix. J Obstet Gynaecol 32(4):405–406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Long ME, Dwarica DS, Kastner TM, Gallenberg MM, Chantigian PD, Marnach ML, Weaver AL, Casey PM (2013) Comparison of dysplastic and benign endocervical polyps. J Low Genit Tract Dis 17(2):142–146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Long WG, Zhang QL, Jiang WX, Zhang YY, Dang SC, Wu JN, Zhong AJ, Wu J, Yang JW (2021) Ectopic prostatic tissue in uterine cervix: a case report and literature review. Human pathology reports

    Google Scholar 

  • Luks S, Simon RA, Lawrence WD (2012) Arias-Stella reaction of the cervix: the enduring diagnostic challenge. Am J Case Rep 13:271–275

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Luna DV, Dulcey I, Nogales FF (2013) Coexistence of placental site nodule and cervical squamous carcinoma in a 72-year-old woman. Int J Gynecol Pathol 32(3):335–337

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malinak LR, Jeffrey RA Jr, Dunn WJ (1964) The conization-hysterectomy time interval: a clinical and pathologic study. Obstet Gynecol 23:317–329

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maniar KP, Schlosshauer P (2010) Pseudoneoplastic lesions of the uterine cervix. Diagn Histopathol 16(10):468–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mao TL, Seidman JD, Kurman RJ, Shih IM (2006) Cyclin E and p16 immunoreactivity in epithelioid trophoblastic tumor – an aid in differential diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol 30(9):1105–1110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsubara A, Sekine S, Ogawa R, Yoshida M, Kasamatsu T, Tsuda H, Kanai Y (2014) Lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia is a neoplastic entity with frequent activating GNAS mutations. Am J Surg Pathol 38(3):370–376

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazur MT, Hsueh S, Gersell DJ (1984) Metastases to the female genital tract. Analysis of 325 cases. Cancer 53(9):1978–1984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCluggage WG (2006) Immunohistochemical and functional biomarkers of value in female genital tract lesions. Int J Gynecol Pathol 25(2):101–120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCluggage WG (2010) Mullerian adenosarcoma of the female genital tract. Adv Anat Pathol 17(2):122–129

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCluggage WG (2016) A practical approach to the diagnosis of mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tumours of the uterus. Mod Pathol 29(Suppl 1):S78–S91

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCluggage WG (2020) Endometriosis-related pathology: a discussion of selected uncommon benign, premalignant and malignant lesions. Histopathology 76(1):76–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCluggage WG, McBride H, Maxwell P, Bharucha H (1997) Immunohistochemical detection of p53 and bcl-2 proteins in neoplastic and non-neoplastic endocervical glandular lesions. Int J Gynecol Pathol 16(1):22–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCluggage WG, Oliva E, Herrington CS, McBride H, Young RH (2003) CD10 and calretinin staining of endocervical glandular lesions, endocervical stroma and endometrioid adenocarcinomas of the uterine corpus: CD10 positivity is characteristic of, but not specific for, mesonephric lesions and is not specific for endometrial stroma. Histopathology 43(2):144–150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCluggage WG, Longacre TA, Fisher C (2013) Myogenin expression in vulvovaginal spindle cell lesions: analysis of a series of cases with an emphasis on diagnostic pitfalls. Histopathology 63(4):545–550

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McQuillan SK, Grover SR, Pyman J, Jayasinghe YL (2016) Literature review of benign müllerian papilloma contrasted with vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 29(4):333–337

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mikami Y, McCluggage WG (2013) Endocervical glandular lesions exhibiting gastric differentiation: an emerging spectrum of benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions. Adv Anat Pathol 20(4):227–237

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mittal K (1999) Utility of proliferation-associated marker MIB-1 in evaluating lesions of the uterine cervix. Adv Anat Pathol 6(4):177–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mittal T, Thirunavukkarasu B, Kathuria P, Verma M (2022) Cervical deciduosis: precarious mimicker of malignancy during pregnancy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 32(5):690–691

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mobarki M, Karpathiou G, Forest F, Corsini T, Peoc’h M (2016) Endocervicosis of the uterine cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 35(5):475–477

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montero-Macías R, Koual M, Azaïs H, Nguyen-Xuan HT, Bentivegna E, Seidler S, Decamp N, Belazzoug R, Le Frère-Belda MA, Bats AS (2021) Endocervical microglandular hyperplasia: colposcopic aspects, physiopathology and differential diagnosis. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 50(8):102078

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mostoufizadeh M, Scully RE (1980) Malignant tumors arising in endometriosis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 23(3):951–963

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mukonoweshuro P, McCluggage WG (2014) Endocervicosis involving axillary lymph nodes: first case report. Int J Gynecol Pathol 33(6):620–623

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson AL, Papa RR, Ritchie JJ (2015) Asymptomatic cervical polyps: can we just let them be? Womens Health (London) 11(2):121–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Němejcová K, Kenny SL, Laco J, Škapa P, Staněk L, Zikán M, Kleiblová P, McCluggage WG, Dundr P (2015) Atypical polypoid adenomyoma of the uterus: an immunohistochemical and molecular study of 21 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 39(8):1148–1155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neri A, Kaplan B, Rabinerson D, Ovadia J, Braslavsky D (1995) Cervical polyp in the menopause and the need for fractional dilatation and curettage. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 62(1):53–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nucci MR (2014) Pseudoneoplastic glandular lesions of the uterine cervix: a selective review. Int J Gynecol Pathol 33(4):330–338

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nucci MR, Young RH (2004) Arias-Stella reaction of the endocervix: a report of 18 cases with emphasis on its varied histology and differential diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol 28(5):608–612

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nucci MR, Clement PB, Young RH (1999) Lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia, not otherwise specified: a clinicopathologic analysis of thirteen cases of a distinctive pseudoneoplastic lesion and comparison with fourteen cases of adenoma malignum. Am J Surg Pathol 23(8):886–891

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nucci MR, Young RH, Fletcher CD (2000) Cellular pseudosarcomatous fibroepithelial stromal polyps of the lower female genital tract: an underrecognized lesion often misdiagnosed as sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 24(2):231–240

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohta Y, Suzuki T, Hamatani S, Shiokawa A, Kushima M, Ota H (2008) Lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia might become a precursor of adenocarcinoma with pyloric gland features. Pathol Res Pract 204(9):683–687

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliva E, Clement PB, Young RH (1995) Tubal and tubo-endometrioid metaplasia of the uterine cervix. Unemphasized features that may cause problems in differential diagnosis: a report of 25 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 103(5):618–623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olson NJ, Fritchie KJ, Torres-Mora J, Folpe AL (2020) MyoD1 expression in fibroepithelial stromal polyps. Hum Pathol 99:75–79

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Padmanaban N, Chandrabose PS, Esakki M, Kirubamani H, Srinivasan C (2016) Gynaecological perspective of schwannoma: a rare pelvic tumour. J Clin Diagn Res 10(4):QD03–QD05

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Padrão IL, Andrade LALA (2006) Microglandular hyperplasia of the cervix: frequency in cone specimens, histological patterns, clinical aspects and immunohistochemical markers for differential diagnosis with adenocarcinoma. J Bras Patol Med Lab 42(3):219–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palicelli A, Ardighieri L, Broggi G, Caltabiano R, Melli B, Gelli MC, Zanelli M, Bonasoni MP, Asaturova A, Zizzo M, Aguzzoli L, Baraldi R, Mandato VD (2022) Lipoleiomyomas of the uterine cervix: a new series including the first recurrent case and the first systematic literature review. J Pers Med 12(11):1852

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pantanowitz L, Bauer K, Tefs K, Schuster V, Balogh K, Pilch BZ, Adcock D, Cirovic C, Kocher O (2004) Ligneous (pseudomembranous) inflammation involving the female genital tract associated with type-1 plasminogen deficiency. Int J Gynecol Pathol 23(3):292–295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker RL, Dadmanesh F, Young RH, Clement PB (2004) Polypoid endometriosis: a clinicopathologic analysis of 24 cases and a review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 28(3):285–297

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pirog EC, Park KJ, Kiyokawa T, Zhang X, Chen W, Jenkins D, Quint W (2019) Gastric-type adenocarcinoma of the cervix: tumor with wide range of histologic appearances. Adv Anat Pathol 26(1):1–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rabban JT, McAlhany S, Lerwill MF, Grenert JP, Zaloudek CJ (2010) PAX2 distinguishes benign mesonephric and mullerian glandular lesions of the cervix from endocervical adenocarcinoma, including minimal deviation adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 34(2):137–146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rexhepi M, Trajkovska E, Koprivnjak K (2019) An unusually large fibroepithelial polyp of uterine cervix: case report and review of literature. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 7(12):1998–2001

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes AR, Silverman RA, Harrist TJ, Perez-Atayde AR (1984) Mucocutaneous lentigines, cardiomucocutaneous myxomas, and multiple blue nevi: the “LAMB” syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 10(1):72–82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roh MH, Agoston E, Birch C, Crum CP (2009) P16 immunostaining patterns in microglandular hyperplasia of the cervix and their significance. Int J Gynecol Pathol 28(2):107–113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roma AA (2010) Sebaceous glands in the uterine cervix and vaginal wall: congenital misplacement, metaplastic process, or both? Int J Gynecol Pathol 29(5):488–489

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosa M, Moore G (2008) Epidermalization of cervix and vagina: an unsolved dilemma. J Low Genit Tract Dis 12(3):217–219

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roth E, Taylor HB (1966) Heterotopic cartilage in the uterus. Obstet Gynecol 27(6):838–844

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roy SF, Wong J, Latour M, Reichetzer B, Rahimi K (2022) Ductal-type mesonephric duct/remnant hyperplasia: distinguished from lobular or diffuse mesonephric hyperplasia by the presence of a myoepithelial cell layer and micropapillary tufting. Pathology 54(3):378–381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saco A, Rakislova N, Marimon L, Torne A, Diaz-Feijoo B, Salvador R, Alos S, Jordao D, Hurtado JC, Ordi J (2021) Malacoplakia of the uterine cervix: a case report. Pathogens 10(3):343

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sagar N, Mandal S, Khurana N, Kumar A (2020) Cervical rhabdomyoma a rare entity: case report with review of literature. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 63(3):467–469

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sasajima Y, Mikami Y, Kaku T, Kiyokawa T, Ohishi Y, Hamada T, Sasaki T, Fujita H, Moriya T, Kasamatsu T, Tsuda H (2008) Gross features of lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia in comparison with minimal-deviation adenocarcinoma and stage Ib endocervical-type mucinous adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Histopathology 53(4):487–490

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schiøtz HA (2021) Giant polyp of the cervix – a case report. World J Gynecol Womens Health 5(3):1–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnatz PF, Ricci S, O’Sullivan DM (2009) Cervical polyps in postmenopausal women: is there a difference in risk? Menopause 16(3):524–528

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider V (1981) Arias-stella reaction of the endocervix: frequency and location. Acta Cytol 25(3):224–228

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider V, Barnes LA (1981) Ectopic decidual reaction of the uterine cervix: frequency and cytologic presentation. Acta Cytol 25(6):616–622

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoolmeester JK, **ng D, Keeney GL, Sukov WR (2018) Genital rhabdomyoma of the lower female genital tract: a study of 12 cases with molecular cytogenetic findings. Int J Gynecol Pathol 37(4):349–355

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz EJ, Longacre TA (2004) Adenomatoid tumors of the female and male genital tracts express WT1. Int J Gynecol Pathol 23(2):123–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segal GH, Hart WR (1990) Cystic endocervical tunnel clusters. A clinicopathologic study of 29 cases of so-called adenomatous hyperplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 14(10):895–903

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shih IM, Seidman JD, Kurman RJ (1999) Placental site nodule and characterization of distinctive types of intermediate trophoblast. Hum Pathol 30(6):687–694

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siddon A, Hui P (2010) Glial heterotopia of the uterine cervix: DNA genoty** confirmation of its fetal origin. Int J Gynecol Pathol 29(4):394–397

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silver SA, Devouassoux-Shisheboran M, Mezzetti TP, Tavassoli FA (2001) Mesonephric adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix: a study of 11 cases with immunohistochemical findings. Am J Surg Pathol 25(3):379–387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh BMK, Singh VK, Bhat PV (2021) Choristomatous endocervical polyp with heterologous adipose tissue. J Midlife Health 12(3):241–243

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stamatellos I, Stamatopoulos P, Bontis J (2007) The role of hysteroscopy in the current management of the cervical polyps. Arch Gynecol Obstet 276(4):299–303

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart CJ, Bharat C (2016) Clinicopathological and immunohistological features of polypoid endometriosis. Histopathology 68(3):398–404

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart CJ, Crook ML (2015) PAX2 and cyclin D1 expression in the distinction between cervical microglandular hyperplasia and endometrial microglandular-like carcinoma: a comparison with p16, vimentin, and Ki67. Int J Gynecol Pathol 34(1):90–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tahmasbi M, Nguyen J, Ghayouri M, Shan Y, Hakam A (2012) Primary uterine cervix schwannoma: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Pathol 2012:353049

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Takimoto Y, Kogiku A, Konda E, Samoto T, Ishihara M, Yamashita T (2020) Primary localized amyloidosis of the uterine cervix during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 46(5):787–790

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talia KL, McCluggage WG (2017) Seborrheic keratosis-like lesions of the cervix and vagina: report of a new entity possibly related to low-risk human papillomavirus infection. Am J Surg Pathol 41(4):517–524

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talia KL, Rahimi S, Hawkes D, McCluggage WG (2022) HPV42-associated seborrhoeic keratosis-like lesion of the cervix: first reported case with high-grade morphology. Int J Gynecol Pathol 41(6):649–654

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tavassoli FA, Devilee P (2003) Pathology and genetics: tumours of the breast and female genital organs, World Health Organization classification of tumours series, vol 4, 3rd edn. IARC Press, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor HB, Irey NS, Norris HJ (1967) Atypical endocervical hyperplasia in women taking oral contraceptives. JAMA 202(7):637–639

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor E, Gilks B, Lanvin D (2001) Amyloidosis of the uterine cervix presenting as postmenopausal bleeding. Obstet Gynecol 98(5 Pt 2):966–968

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Telisinghe PU, Kafeel G, Oo H (2011) Gliosis of the cervix. Brunei Int Med J 7(3):173–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Temur I, Ulker K, Sulu B, Karaca M, Aydin A, Gurcu B (2011) A giant cervical nabothian cyst compressing the rectum, differential diagnosis and literature review. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 38(3):276–279

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terada T (2009) Large endocervical polyp with cartilaginous and osseous metaplasia: a hitherto unreported entity. Int J Gynecol Pathol 28(1):98–100

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terada T (2012) An immunohistochemical study of adenomatoid tumors of the uterus and fallopian tube. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 20(2):173–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terzakis JA, Opher E, Malamed J, Santagada E, Sloan D (1990) Intriguing case: pigmented melanocytie schwannoma of the uterine cervix. Ultrastruct Pathol 14(4):357–366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiltman AJ (1998) Leiomyomas of the uterine cervix: a study of frequency. Int J Gynecol Pathol 17(3):231–234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiltman AJ, Duffield MS (1996) Postpartum microneuromas of the uterine cervix. Histopathology 28(2):153–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torky HA (2016) Huge nabothian cyst causing hematometra (case report). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 207:238–240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tran TA (2017) Endocervical polyp with florid “epidermal metaplasia”: report of a previously undescribed phenomenon from a dermatopathologic view: is it an epidermal inclusion cyst or a dermoid cyst. Int J Gynecol Pathol 36(6):528–529

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tran TA, Niu G, Tomasello CA, Tran HV, Ross JS, Carlson JA (2014) The spectrum of grossly visible pigmented lesions in the uterine cervix: a prospective study. Int J Gynecol Pathol 33(1):89–99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uehara T, Izumo T, Kishi K, Takayama S, Kasuga T (1991) Stromal melanocytic foci (“blue nevus”) in step sections of the uterine cervix. Acta Pathol Jpn 41(10):751–756

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uehara T, Yoshida H, Kondo A, Kato T (2020) A case of cervical adenocarcinoma arising from endometriosis in the absence of human papilloma virus infection. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 46(3):536–541

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dorpe J, Moerman P (1996) Placental site nodule of the uterine cervix. Histopathology 29(4):379–382

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vang R, Barner R, Wheeler DT, Strauss BL (2004) Immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67 and p53 helps distinguish endometrial Arias-Stella reaction from high-grade carcinoma, including clear cell carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 23(3):223–233

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vang R, Vinh TN, Burks RT, Barner R, Kurman RJ, Ronnett BM (2005) Pseudoinfiltrative tubal metaplasia of the endocervix: a potential form of in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure-related adenosis simulating minimal deviation adenocarcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 24(4):391–398

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wakimoto T, Hayashi S, Koh I, Yamamoto R, Ishii K (2022) Relationship between unremoved cervical polyp in pregnancy and spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 227(6):899.e1–899.e6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Li XC, Lang JH (2011) Cervical endometriosis: clinical character and management experience in a 27-year span. Am J Obstet Gynecol 205(5):452.e1–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang WX, Zhang WJ, Yang KX, Tang X, Peng ZL (2016) Cervical metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. Chin Med J 129(8):1005–1006

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wei EX, Albores-Saavedra J, Fowler MR (2005) Plexiform neurofibroma of the uterine cervix: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 129(6):783–786

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Who Classification of Tumours Editorial Board (2020) WHO classification of female genital tumours: WHO classification of tumours, 5th edn. IARC, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu JM, Matthews CA, Conover MM, Pate V, Jonsson Funk M (2014) Lifetime risk of stress urinary incontinence or pelvic organ prolapse surgery. Obstet Gynecol 123(6):1201–1206

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yemelyanova A, Gown AM, Wu LS, Holmes BJ, Ronnett BM, Vang R (2014) PAX8 expression in uterine adenocarcinomas and mesonephric proliferations. Int J Gynecol Pathol 33(5):492–499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young RH, Clement PB (2000) Endocervicosis involving the uterine cervix: a report of four cases of a benign process that may be confused with deeply invasive endocervical adenocarcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 19(4):322–328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young RH, Scully RE (1989) Atypical forms of microglandular hyperplasia of the cervix simulating carcinoma. A report of five cases and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 13(1):50–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young RH, Treger T, Scully RE (1986) Atypical polypoid adenomyoma of the uterus. A report of 27 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 86(2):139–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaytsev P, Taxy JB (1987) Pregnancy-associated ectopic decidua. Am J Surg Pathol 11(7):526–530

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang M, Shi P, Zhou B, Liu J, Li L (2022) Superficial myofibroblastoma of the lower female genital tract: a clinicopathological analysis of 15 cases. Ann Diagn Pathol 60:152010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao J, ** H, **ng N (2014) Postoperative spindle cell nodule of the bladder: a case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett 7(5):1507–1510

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA

    Daniel T. Griffin & Stephanie J. T. Chen

Authors
  1. Daniel T. Griffin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stephanie J. T. Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel T. Griffin .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Med, Dalla, TX, USA

    Wenxin Zheng

  2. Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

    Oluwole Fadare

  3. Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Scien, Little Rock, AR, USA

    Charles Matthew Quick

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Griffin, D.T., Chen, S.J.T. (2024). Benign Cervical Lesions. In: Zheng, W., Fadare, O., Quick, C.M. (eds) Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7696-4_51-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7696-4_51-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-19-7696-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-19-7696-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation