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Lignin-Derived Carbonaceous Materials for Supercapacitor Applications

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Handbook of Porous Carbon Materials

Part of the book series: Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials ((MHFNN))

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Abstract

Electrochemical supercapacitors are energy storage systems that exhibit high-power density, high cycle stability, and fast charge–discharge capacity. Carbon-based electrodes have been extensively used for supercapacitors due to their excellent porosity, mechanical properties, and large surface areas. However, these carbons are produced from fossil-based and unsustainable resources, mainly polyacrylonitrile. In recent years, lignin has appeared as a potential alternative precursor for producing sustainable carbon materials. Specifically, lignin’s renewable nature and large content of aromatic rings with reactive functional groups make it a highly viable candidate for electrochemical supercapacitor materials. This chapter deals with the current development of carbonaceous electrodes from sustainable lignin precursors. An extensive investigation of the utilization of lignin biopolymers toward develo** high-performance electrodes for supercapacitors is described. The computational modeling techniques for designing supercapacitors and investigating their properties are illustrated. In conclusion, the challenges and improvements with lignin for supercapacitors are highlighted.

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Abbreviations

AC:

Activated carbon

ACN:

Acetonitrile

bbACs:

Biomass-based activated carbons

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

\({\text{BF}}_4^-\) :

Tetrafluoroborate

CA:

Cellulose acetate

BMIM+:

1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CV:

Cyclic voltammetry

DCA−:

Dicyanamide

DFT:

Density functional theory

[DIPEA][TFSI]:

Diisopropyl-ethyl-ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide

DMAC:

Dimethylacetamide

DMF:

Dimethylformamide

EDLC:

Electrochemical double layer capacitors

EIS:

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

ESR:

Equivalent series resistance

[Et3NH][TFSI]:

Triethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsufonyl)imide

FSI−:

Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide

GCD:

Galvanostatic charge–discharge

GO:

Graphene-oxide

GPE:

Gel-polymer electrolyte

HOMC:

Highly ordered mesoporous carbon

IL:

Ionic liquids

LAC:

Lignin hierarchical porous carbon

LC:

Lignin-based carbon

MD:

Molecular dynamics

MOF:

Metal-organic framework

TEG:

Thermoelectric generators

PAA:

Poly(amic acid)

PAN:

Polyacrylonitrile

PBI:

Polybenzimidazole

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

PEEK:

Poly(ether ether ketone)

PEO:

Poly(ethylene oxide)

PFTE:

Polytetrafluoroethylene

\({\text{PF}}_6^-\) :

Hexafluorophosphate

PMMA:

Polymethyl methacrylate

PVDF:

Polyvinylidene fluoride

PVDF-HFP:

Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene)

PVA:

Polyvinyl alcohol

PVP:

Polyvinylpyrrolidone

PC:

Propylene carbonate

PyC:

Pyrolytic carbon

PyNO3:

Pyrrolidinium nitrate

[Pyrr][TFSI]:

Pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide

SC:

Supercapacitor

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SFG:

Surface functional group

SPE:

Solid polymer electrolyte

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TEOS:

Tetraethoxy orthosilicate

TFSI−:

Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide

Tg:

Glass transition temperature

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

ZDPC:

Zeolite-derived porous carbon

ZIF:

Zeolitic imidazolate framework

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Acknowledgements

Authors acknowledge the European Commission for funding InnoRenew CoE (grant agreement #739574), under the H2020 Widespread-Teaming program, and the Republic of Slovenia (investment funding from the Republic of Slovenia and the European Union’s European Regional Development Fund) and infrastructural ARRS program IO-0035. E.S.E acknowledges Marie-Curie grant MSCA-IF-101031402 (2021-2023). T.Y is grateful to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey-TUBITAK for the financial support through the project number 218M915.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. InnoRenew CoE—Renewable Materials and Healthy Environments Research and Innovation Centre of Excellence, Livade 6, 6310, Izola, Slovenia

    Esakkiammal Sudha Esakkimuthu, Veerapandian Ponnuchamy & David De Vallance

  2. University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Titov trg 4, 6000, Koper, Slovenia

    Veerapandian Ponnuchamy

  3. Department of Chemistry, Sinop University, 57000, Sinop, Turkey

    Tugrul Yumak

  4. Faculty of Mathematics, University of Primorska, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Glagoljaška 8, 6000, Koper, Slovenia

    David De Vallance

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  1. Esakkiammal Sudha Esakkimuthu
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  2. Veerapandian Ponnuchamy
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  3. Tugrul Yumak
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  4. David De Vallance
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Correspondence to Esakkiammal Sudha Esakkimuthu or David De Vallance .

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  1. Centre for Nanotechnology Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India

    Andrews Nirmala Grace

  2. School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Prashant Sonar

  3. School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India

    Preetam Bhardwaj

  4. School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Centre for Nanotechnology Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India

    Arghya Chakravorty

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Esakkimuthu, E.S., Ponnuchamy, V., Yumak, T., De Vallance, D. (2023). Lignin-Derived Carbonaceous Materials for Supercapacitor Applications. In: Grace, A.N., Sonar, P., Bhardwaj, P., Chakravorty, A. (eds) Handbook of Porous Carbon Materials. Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7188-4_4

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