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Neurotransmitters

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Biology of Vascular Smooth Muscle

Abstract

The activities of vasculature are regulated by neurotransmitters released from the nerve terminals in the wall of the blood vessels, which include the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory-motor nerves. These neurotransmitters exert their effects mostly by binding to the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which trigger the dissociation of the α-subunit of the G protein from the βγ-subunits followed by the activation of their downstream effectors. The α-subunits exist with multiple isoforms. The diversity of the α-subunits combined with increasingly revealed βγ-subunit functions confers vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells to respond to different neurotransmitters in a manner suitable for complex physiological changes. Contrary to the classic view the neurotransmitters are co-released from the nerve terminals. These neurotransmitters include norepinephrine, acetylcholine, ATP, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, nitric oxide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, and others. Some of them are vasoconstrictors and some are vasodilators. The balance of the activity of these neurotransmitters is critical for the integrity of vascular function.

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  1. Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Bei**g, China

    Yuansheng Gao

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Gao, Y. (2022). Neurotransmitters. In: Biology of Vascular Smooth Muscle. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7122-8_7

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