Abstract
Inorganic Scintillators and Organic Plastic Scintillators are widely used for many applications in modern-day observational astronomy and cosmic-ray experiments. We review the different detection techniques, the optical and physical characteristics of scintillator detectors, and methods of light collection. We review the main gamma-ray instruments that have used scintillation materials up to the present day and discuss their great promise for future space- and ground-based gamma-ray experiments. This is due to their fundamental properties, possibility for high segmentation, radiation hardness, and ability to use wave-length shifting fibers for light collection and multi-pixel Silicon photo-multipliers as alternatives to more conventional directly coupled optical readout (i.e., photomultiplier tubes). The combination of scintillation detectors and their photosensors will enable the search for new states of matter, antiparticles, neutrino oscillations, and will be used to study a wide range of astrophysical phenomena.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. Abraham, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, et al., The fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 620(2–3), 227–251 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.04.023
M. Aglietta, et al., (LVD coll), The 1 kton LVD neutrino observatory, in Proc. 27th ICRC, Hamburg, Vol. 3, p. 1093, Hamburg, (2001)
M. Aguilar, J. Alcaraz, J. Allaby, et al., The alpha magnetic spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station: Part I – Results from the test flight on the space shuttle. Phys. Rep. 366(6), 331–405 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(02)00013-3
E.N. Alekseev, L.N. Alekseeva, V.I. Volchenko, I.V. Krivosheina, Possible detection of neutrino signal on 23 February 1987 at the Baksan underground scintillation telescope of the Institute of Nuclear Research. Soviet J. Exp. Theor. Phys. Lett. 45, 589–592 (1987) https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JETPL..45..589A
V. Alenkov et al., Irradiation studies of a multi-doped Gd3Al2Ga3O12 scintillator. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 916, 226–229 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.11.101
J. Angle, E. Aprile, F. Arneodo, et al., 3D position sensitive XeTPC for dark matter search. Nucl. Phys. B – Proc. Suppl. 173, 117–120 (2007)
A. Annenkov, E. Auffray, M. Korshik, J.P. Peigneux, On the origin of the transmission damage in lead tungstate crystals under irradiation. Phys. Status Solidi A 170, 47–62 (1998)
E. Aprile, A. Curioni, K.L. Giboni, M. Kobayashi, U.G. Oberlack, S. Zhang, Compton imaging of MeV gamma-rays with the liquid xenon gamma-ray imaging telescope (LXeGRIT). Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 593(3), 414–425 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.05.039
W.D. Arnett, J.N. Bahcall, R.P. Kirshner, S.E. Woosley, Supernova 1987A. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 27(1), 629–700 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.27.090189.003213
W.B. Atwood, A.A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, et al., The large area telescope on the Fermi gamma-ray space telescope Mission. Astrophys. J. 697, 1071–1102 (2009) ar**v:0902.1089
E. Auffray, et al., Improvement of several properties of lead tungstate crystals with different do** ions, CMS NOTE 97/54, CERN Geneva, Switzerland, (1997)
E. Auffray, G. Dosovitskiy, A. Fedorov, I. Guz, M. Korjik, N. Kratochwill, et al., Irradiation effects on Gd3Al2Ga3O12 scintillators prospective for application in harsh irradiation environments. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 164, 108365 (2019)
H. Bethe, J. Ashkin, in Experimental Nuclear Physics, ed. by E. Segré, (Wiley, New York, 1953), p. 253
G.F. Bignami, G. Boella, J.J. Burger, et al., The COS-B experiment for gamma-ray astronomy. Space Sci. Instrum. 1, 245–268 (1975)
R.M. Bionta, G. Blewitt, C.B. Bratton, et al., Observation of a neutrino burst in coincidence with supernova 1987A in the large magellanic cloud. Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1494–1496 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.1494
J.B. Birks, Theory and Practice of Scintillation Counting (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1964)
S. Boggs, J. Kurfess, J. Ryan, E. Aprile, et al., The advanced compton telescope, in Proceedings of SPIE – The International Society for Optical Engineering Vol 6266, (2006)
A. Bonura, S. Giarrusso, L. Lombardo et al., High-pressure gas-scintillation proportional counter: performance characteristics of the scientific model, in Proc. SPIE 1743, EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy III, (1992). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.130712
N. Borghi, B. Lauritzen, L. Lindvold, N. Poolton, Characterization of optical components for the ESS target imaging system. Radiat. Meas. 136, 106329 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2020.106329
L. Bouchet, P. Roques, J. Ballet, et al., The sigma/GRANAT telescope: calibration and data reduction. Astrophys. J. 548, 990–1009 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1086/318997
S. Brandt, N. Lund, A.R. Rao, The watch all-sky monitor for the GRANAT project. Adv. Space Res. 10(2), 239–242 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(90)90148-S
V. Brudanin, Element-loaded organic scintillators for neutron and neutrino physics. Phys. Part. Nucl. 6, 69 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812811363_0080
E. Caroli, J.B. Stephen, G. Di Cocco, et al., Coded aperture imaging in X- and gamma-ray astronomy. Space Sci. Rev. 45, 349–403 (1987)
N.J. Cherepy, Transparent ceramic scintillators for gamma spectroscopy and MeV imaging, LLNL-PROC-676780, Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., (2015)
N.J. Cherepy, S.A. Payne, S.J. Asztalos, G. Hull, J.D. Kuntz, T. Niedermayr, et al., Scintillators with potential to supersede lanthanum bromide. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 56, 873–880 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2009.2020165
N.J. Cherepy, J.D. Kuntz, Z.M. Seeley, et al., Transparent ceramic scintillators for gamma spectroscopy and radiography, in Hard X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics XII, 78050I, 20 September (2010). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862503
E.L. Chupp, D.J. Forrest, P.R. Higbie, et al., Solar gamma ray lines observed during the solar activity of August 2 to August 11, 1972. Nature 241, 333–335 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1038/241333a0
W. Crookes, The emanation of radium. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 71, 405–408 (1903)
S.C. Curran, W.R. Backer, A photoelectric alpha particle detector, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rpt. MDDC 1296, 17 November 1944 (declassified 23 September 1947)
A. De Angelis, V. Tatischeff, I.A. Grenier, J. McEnery, M. Mallamaci, M. Tavani, U. Oberlack, L. Hanlon, et al., Science with e-ASTROGAM. A space mission for MeV-GeV gamma-ray astrophysics. J. High Energy Astrophys. 19, 1–106 (2018) ar**v:1711.01265
D. de Faoite, I. Tobin, A. Ulyanov, et al., Growth of trigonal gadolinium fluoride in a glass-ceramic for scintillation and optical applications. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 38(14), 4739–4748 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.05.037
A.J. Dean, L. Fan, K. Byard, et al., Radioactivity induced background noise in space-borne astronomical gamma-ray telescopes employing inorganic scintillation spectrometers. Exp. Astron. 1, 35–45 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00414794
S. Derenzo, M. Boswell, M. Weber, K. Brennan, Scintillation properties, (2016). http://scintillator.lbl.gov
C. Dujardin et al., Trends, and advances in inorganic scintillators. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 65(8), 1977–1997 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2018.2840160
Eljenvtechnology., “Scintillation products,” Scintillation products. http://www.eljentechnology.com/
C.E. Fichtel, R.C. Hartman, D.A. Kniffen, et al., High-energy gamma-ray results from the second small astronomy satellite. Astrophys. J. 198, 163–182 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1086/153590
C. Fiorini, A. Longoni, F. Perotti, et al., Gamma ray spectroscopy with CsI(Tl) scintillator coupled to silicon drift chamber. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 44(6), 2553–2560 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1109/23.650862
C. Fletcher, C.M. Hui, A. Goldstein, O. Roberts, et al., The moon burst energetics all-sky monitor (MoonBEAM) CubeSat concept. Am. Astron. Soc Meeting Abstracts 235, 271.04 (2020)
S.O. Flyckt, C. Marmonier, Photomultiplier Tubes, Principles & Applications (Photonis, Brive, 2002) https://usermanual.wiki/Document/FlycktMarmonier.1962139817
F. Frontera, D. Dal Fiume, M. Pamini, et al., The high energy X-ray experiment PDS on board the SAX satellite. Adv. Space Res. 11(8), 281–285 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(91)90180-R
C. Furetta, Handbook of Thermoluminescence (World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, 2010)
Garzon J.A, for the TRAGALDBAS collaboration, TRAGALDABAS. First results on cosmic ray studies and their relation with the, in XXV European Cosmic Ray Symposium, Turin, Sept. 4–9, (2016). https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.07277.pdf
N. Gehrels, Instrumental background in gamma-ray spectrometers flown in low Earth orbit. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 313(3), 513–528 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(92)90832-O
N. Gehrels, C.E. Fichtel, G.J. Fishman, et al., The Compton gamma ray observatory. Sci. Am. 269, 68–77 (1993)
S. Giarrusso, G. La Rosa, G. Manzo, et al., Performance characteristics of the medium energy gas scintillation proportional counter on board the Italian Dutch x-ray astronomy satellite SAX, in Proc. SPIE 1344, EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy, (1990). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.23284
A. Giaz, G. Hull, V. Fossati, N. Cherepy, F. Camera, N. Blasi, et al., Preliminary investigation of scintillator materials properties: SrI2:Eu, CeBr3 and GYGAG:Ce for gamma rays up to 9 MeV. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 804, 212–220 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.09.065
R.J. Ginther, New cerium activated scintillating glasses. IRE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 7, 28–31 (1960)
J. Glodo, R. Hawrami, E. van Loef, et al., Dual Gamma Neutron detection with Cs2LiLaCl6, in Proc. SPIE 7449, Hard X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics XI, 74490E, (2009). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.830127
J. Glodo, R. Hawrami, K.S. Shah, Development of Cs2LiYCl6 scintillator. J. Cryst. Growth 379, 73–78 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2013.03.023
J. Glodo, Y. Wang, R. Shawgo, et al., New developments in scintillators for security applications. Phys. Procedia 90, 285–290 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2017.09.012
S. Gobain, Scintillation products. http://www.detectors.saint-gobain.com/uploadedFiles/Sgdetectors/Documents/Brochures/Organics-Brochure.pdf
J.O. Goldsten, E.A. Rhodes, W.V. Boynton, et al., The MESSENGER gamma-ray and neutron spectrometer. Space Sci. Rev. 131(1–4), 339–391 (2007)
D.E. Gruber, J.L. Matteson, L.E. Peterson, G.V. Jung, The spectrum of diffuse cosmic hard X-rays measured with HEAO 1. Astrophys. J. 520, 124–129 (1999)
Hamamatsu-Photonics, Photomultiplers Tubes, Basics and Applications, 4th ed, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Electron Tube division, (2017). https://www.hamamatsu.com/resources/pdf/etd/PMT_handbook_v4E.pdf
K. Hirata, T. Kajita, M. Koshiba, et al., Observation of a neutrino burst from the supernova SN1987A. Phys. Rev. Lett. 58(14), 1490–1493 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.1490
R. Hofstadter, Alkali halide scintillation counters. Phys. Rev. 74(1), 100–101 (1948)
R. Hofstadter, The detection of gamma-rays with thallium-activated sodium iodide crystals. Phys. Rev. 74, 796–810 (1949)
A.F. Iyudin, V.V. Bogomolov, V.I. Galkin, et al., Instruments to study fast neutrons fluxes in the upper atmosphere with the use of high-altitude balloons. Adv. Space Res. 56(10), 2073–2079 (2015)
A.S. Jacobson, The HEAO-3 high resolution gamma-ray spectrometer, in 17 International Cosmic Ray Conference 13–25 July 1981, Paris, France, (1981)
K. Kamada, M. Nikl, S. Kurosawa, A. Beitlerova, A. Nagura, Y. Shoji, et al., Alkali earth co-do** effects on luminescence and scintillation properties of Ce doped Gd3Al2Ga3O12 scintillator. Opt. Mater. 41, 63–66 (2015)
T. Kamae, V. Andersson, M. Arimoto, et al., PoGOLite – a high sensitivity balloon-borne soft gamma-ray polarimeter. Astropart. Phys. 30(2), 72–84 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2008.07.004
D.-g. Kim et al., Performance of 3D printed plastic scintillators for gamma-ray detection. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 52–12, 2910–2917 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2020.05.030
G.F. Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement, 4th edn. (Wiley, Hoboken, 2010). ISBN 978-0470131480
M. Kobayashi et al., Improvement in radiation hardness of PbWO4 scintillating crystals by La-do**. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 404(1), 149–156 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(97)01137-6
M. Korjik, Limits of scintillation materials for future experiments at high luminosity LHC and FCC. J. Instrum. 12(8), C08021 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/08/C08021
M. Korjik, E. Auffray, Limits of inorganic scintillating materials to operate in a high dose rate environment at future collider experiments. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 63(2), 552–563 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2016.2527701
M.V. Korzhik, A general approach to increasing the radiation hardness of complex structure oxide scintillation crystals. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 500(1–3), 116–120 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(03)00328-0
W.L. Kraushaar, G.W. Clark, G.P. Garmire, et al., High-energy cosmic gamma-ray observations from the OSO-3 satellite. Astrophys. J. 177, 341–363 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1086/151713
V.D. Kuznetsov, L.M. Zelenyi, I.V. Zimovets, et al., The sun and heliosphere explorer – the interhelioprobe mission. Geomagn. Aeron. 56(7), 781–841 (2016)
C. Labanti, G. Di Cocco, G. Ferro, et al., The IBIS-PICsIT detector onboard INTEGRAL. Astron. Astrophys. 411, L149–L152 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20031356
C. Labanti, M. Marisaldi, F. Fuschino, et al., Design and construction of the mini-calorimeter of the AGILE satellite. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 598(2), 470–479 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.09.021
F. Lebrun, J.P. Leray, P. Lavocat, et al., ISGRI: the INTEGRAL soft gamma-ray imager. Astron. Astrophys. 411, L141–L148 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20031367
P. Lecoq, Scintillation detectors for charged particles and photons, in Particle Physics Reference Library, ed. by C. Fabjan, H. Schopper, (Springer, Cham, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35318-6_3
P. Lecoq, A. Gektin, M. Korzhik, Inorganic Scintillators for Detecting Systems (Springer, 2017), p. 408
F. Lei, A.J. Dean, G.L. Hills, Compton polarimetry in gamma-ray astronomy. Space Sci. Rev. 82(3/4), 309–388 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005027107614
D. Marcuse, Compression of a bundle of light rays. Appl. Opt. 10, 494–497 (1971)
N. Markevich, I. Gertner, J. Elsteiner, Low energy X-ray and γ spectroscopy using silicon pin photodiodes. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 269(1), 219–221 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(88)90881-9
F.-H. Marshall, J.W. Coltman, A.I. Bennet, Photomultiplier radiation detector. Nucleonics 3(1), 58–64 (1947)
D.S. McGregor, Materials for gamma-ray spectrometers: inorganic scintillators. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 48(1), 245–277 (2018)
C. Meegan, G. Lichti, P.N. Bhat, et al., The Fermi gamma ray burst monitor. Astrophys. J. 702, 791–804 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/702/1/791
C.l. Melcher, Perspectives on the future development of new scintillators. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 537(1–2), 6–14 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2004.07.222
W.W. Moses, Current trends in scintillator detectors and materials. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 487, 123–128 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(02)00955-5
M. Moszynski, T. Ludziejewski, D. Wolski, W. Klamra, L.O. Norlin, Properties of the YAG:Ce scintillator. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. 345, 461 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)90500-2
M. Moszynski et al., A comparative study of silicon drift detectors with photomultipliers, avalanche photodiodes and PIN photodiodes in gamma spectrometry with LaBr3 crystals. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 56(3), 1006–1011 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2008.2005110
N.F. Mott, R.W. Gurney, Electronic Process in Ionic Crystals (Oxford, New York, 1948)
R. Mussa, G. Ciaccio, for the Pierre Auger Collaboration, Observation of ELVES at the Pierre Auger Observatory. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 127, 1–6 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2012-12094-x
P.W. Nicholson, Nuclear Electronics (Wiley, London, 1974)
J. Paul, F. Lebrun, P. Mandrou, et al., The SIGMA space telescope for low-energy gamma-ray astronomy, in 20 International Cosmic Ray Conference 2–15 Aug 1987, Moscow (USSR), (1987)
M. Pearce, Balloon-borne gamma-ray polarimetry, in 20th Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research, Hyére, France, (2011). https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ESASP.700.561P
F. Perotti, M. Fiorini, S. Incorvaia, et al., The AGILE anticoincidence detector. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 556(1), 228–236 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.10.016
L.E. Peterson, R.L. Howard, Gamma-ray astronomy in space in the 50 keV to 3 MeV region. IRE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 8(4), 21–29 (1961). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS2.1961.4315853
P. Picozza, A.M. Galper, G. Castellini, PAMELA – a payload for antimatter matter exploration and light-nuclei astrophysics. Astropart. Phys. 27, 296–315 (2007) ar**v:astro-ph/0608697
C. Piemonte, A. Gola, Overview on the main parameters and technology of modern silicon photomultipliers. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 926, 2–15 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.11.119
K. Pinkau, Die Messung solarer und atmosphaerischer Neutronen. Naturforschung A 21, 2100–2101 (1966)
O.J. Roberts, Lanthanum halide and cerium bromid scintillators, in Solid-State Radiation Detectors, ed. by S. Awadalla, K. Iniewski, (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2017), pp. 261–284
W. Röntgen, Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. Vorläufige Mitteilung, Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. 137–147, (1895)
R.S. Saunders, R.E. Arvidson, G.D. Badhwar, W.V. Boynton, et al., 2001 Mars Odyssey mission summary. Space Sci. Rev. 110, 1–36 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SPAC.0000021006.84299.18
V. Schönfelder, U. Graser, J. Daugherty, Diffuse cosmic and atmospheric MeV gamma radiation from balloon observations. Astrophys. J. 217, 306–319 (1977)
V. Schönfelder, H.J.M. Aarts, K. Bennett, et al., Instrument description and performance of the imaging gamma-ray telescope COMPTEL aboard the Compton gamma-ray observatory. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 86, 657–692 (1993)
Z.M. Seeley, N. Cherepy, S. Payne, Homogeneity of Gd-based garnet transparent ceramic scintillators for gamma spectroscopy. J. Cryst. Growth 379, 79–83 (2013)
C. Sgrò, The calorimeter of the Fermi large area telescope, in Proceedings, International Conference on Calorimetry for the High Energy Frontier (CHEF 2013): April 22–25, pp. 447–453, Paris, France, (2013)
L. Soundara et al., TlSr2I5:Eu2+− a new high density scintillator for gamma-ray detection. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 988, 164876 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164876
E.C. Stone, C.M.S. Cohen, W.R. Cook, et al., The cosmic ray isotope spectrometer for the advanced composition explorer. Space Sci. Rev. 86, 284–356 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005075813033
G. Stratta, R. Ciolfi, L. Amati, et al., THESEUS: a key space mission concept for multi-messenger astrophysics. Adv. Space Res. 62(3), 662–682 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.04.013
T. Tadayuki, A. Keiichi, E. Manabu, et al., Hard X-ray detector (HXD) on board Suzaku. ar**v:astro-ph/0611232, (2006)
G. Tamulaitis, A. Vasil’ev, M. Korzhik, A. Mazzi, A. Gola, S. Nargelas, et al., Improvement of the time resolution of radiation detectors based on Gd3Al2Ga3O12 scintillators with SiPM readout. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 66(7), 1879–1888 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2019.2919898
M. Tavani, G. Barbiellini, A. Argan, et al., The AGILE mission. Astron. Astrophys. 502, 995–103 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200810527
D.J. Thompson, D.L. Bertsch, C.E. Fichtel, et al., Calibration of the energetic gamma-ray experiment telescope (EGRET) for the Compton gamma-ray observatory. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 86, 629–656 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1086/191793
H. Tokuno, Y. Tameda, M. Takeda, et al., New air fluorescence detectors employed in the telescope array experiment. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 676, 54–65 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.02.044
S. Torii, CALET for high energy electron and gamma-ray measurements on ISS. Nucl. Phys. B – Proc. Suppl. 150, 345–348 (2006)
S. Torii, M. Hareyama, N. Hasebe, et al., The CALET mission on the ISS, in Proc. SPIE 7021, High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy III, 702114, (2008). The calorimeter of the Fermi large area telescope. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.788524
P. Ubertini, F. Lebrun, G. Di Cocco, et al., IBIS: The imager on-board INTEGRAL. Astron. Astrophys. 411, L131–L139 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20031224
A. Ulyanov et al., Performance of a monolithic LaBr3:Ce crystal coupled to an array of silicon photomultipliers. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 810, 107–119 (2016)
A. Ulyanov et al., Localisation of gamma-ray interaction points in thick monolithic CeBr3 and LaBr3:Ce scintillators. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 844, 81–89 (2017)
V.A.J. Van Lint, The physics of radiation damage in particle detection. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 253(3), 453–459 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(87)90532-8
E. Van Loef, J. Glodo, W.M. Higgins, K.S. Shah, Optical and scintillation properties of Cs/sub 2/LiYCl/sub 6/:Ce/sup 3+/ and Cs/sub 2/LiYCl/sub 6/:Pr/sup 3+/ crystals. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 52(5), 1819–1822 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2005.856812
G. Vedrenne, J.P. Roques, V. Schönfelder, et al., SPI: The spectrometer aboard INTEGRAL. Astron. Astrophys. 411, L63–L70 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20031482
C. Winkler, T.J.L. Courvoisier, G. Di Cocco, et al., The INTEGRAL mission. Astron. Astrophys. 411, L1–L6 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20031288
X. Wu et al., PANGU: a high resolution gamma-ray space telescope. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Soc. 9144 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2057251
T. Yanagida, Inorganic scintillating materials and scintillation detectors. Proc. Jpn Acad. 94B, 75 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.94.007
Y. Chuan, M. Peng-**ong, S. Di Margherita, et al., Correction method for the readout saturation of the DAMPE calorimeter. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 984, 164645 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164645
N. Zaitseva, B.L. Rupert, I. Paweczak, et al., Plastic scintillators with efficient neutron/gamma pulse shape discrimination. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 668, 88–93 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.11.071
N. Zaitseva, A. Glenn, L. Carman, et al., Scintillation properties of solution-grown trans-stilbene single crystals. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 789, 8–15 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.03.090
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Iyudin, A.F., Labanti, C., Roberts, O.J. (2024). Scintillation Detectors in Gamma-Ray Astronomy. In: Bambi, C., Santangelo, A. (eds) Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6960-7_48
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6960-7_48
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-6959-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-6960-7
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics